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. 2021 Jul 22;151(10):3053–3066. doi: 10.1093/jn/nxab235

TABLE 5.

Effects of flaxseed-oil and fish-oil supplementation on plasma inflammatory markers in women with obesity1

Supplementation with flaxseed oil Supplementation with DHA-rich fish oil Pr > F for type 3 fixed effect
D0 D28 D0 D28 Day Suppl. Day*Suppl
IFN-γ, pg/mL2,3 4.34 ± 2.56 4.52 ± 2.80 3.79 ± 1.71 3.51 ± 1.58 0.425 0.460 0.781
IL-10, pg/mL4 0.235 ± 0.083 0.227 ± 0.081 0.231 ± 0.089 0.246 ± 0.079 0.843 0.694 0.408
IL-1β, pg/mL2,5 0.098 ± 0.056 0.099 ± 0.047 0.092 ± 0.054 0.093 ± 0.051 0.656 0.481 0.887
IL-6, pg/mL6 1.31 ± 1.33 1.05 ± 1.08 1.07 ± 1.09 1.03 ± 1.25 0.307 0.635 0.478
IL-8, pg/mL 2.72 ± 1.17 3.26 ± 2.13 2.62 ± 1.42 2.63 ± 1.37 0.278 0.393 0.250
TNF-α, pg/mL2 2.01 ± 0.740 1.95 ± 0.620 1.81 ± 0.500 1.90 ± 0.490 0.689 0.612 0.280
VEGF, pg/mL2 37.8 ± 29.6 35.1 ± 23.1 39.5 ± 21.5 31.3 ± 13.7 0.185 0.810 0.197
IL-17A, pg/m2,4 0.557 ± 0.278 0.491 ± 0.187 0.466 ± 0.167 0.519 ± 0.146 0.956 0.834 0.026
Resistin, pg/m2 2530 ± 747 2630 ± 712 2710 ± 851 2560 ± 672 0.786 0.919 0.263
Adiponectin, μg/mL 237 ± 77.1 242 ± 83.4 237 ± 73.2 261 ± 87.97 0.010 0.903 0.079
1

Concentrations are shown as Mean ± SD; n = 19–20 for all markers except VEGF (n = 18–19) and IL-17A (n = 16–19). Differences of least square means and adjusted P-values are in Supplemental Table 7. VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor.

2

Log transformed for statistics.

3

Two outliers removed.

4

One outlier removed.

5

Phase order effect (refer to Supplemental Table 1 for values separated by phase).

6

Indicates residuals distribution may limit validity of the model.

7

Indicates difference (P < 0.05) from Day 0 of the same phase.