TABLE 2.
Results for anthropometric measures in included studies evaluating infants fed formulas containing palm oil or palm olein and sn-2 palmitate
| Reference | Time point(s) | Groups | Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|
| Bar-Yoseph et al., 2016 (48) | 6, 12, 24 weeks | SN21 (43%) + GOVO1 (13%) + GOHM | Body Weight: No differences between groupsLength: No differences between groupsHead Circumference: No differences between groupsBody Composition: Not reported |
| Beghin et al., 2019 (38) | 4 months | SN2 (16%)SN2 (43%)SN2 (51%) | Body Weight: No differences between groupsLength: SN2 (43%) > SN2 (16%), SN2 (51%) > SN2 (16%), no differences between SN2 (43%) and SN2 (51%)Head Circumference: No differences between groupsBody Composition: Mean mass, fat mass, ratio of fat to total body fat: No differences between groups |
| Borschel et al., 2014 (36) | T1: 14–28 daysT2: 28-56, 56-84, 84-119 days | VO1 + GO/HPPOL1 + GO/HP | Body Weight: T1: POL1 + GO/HP > VO1 + GO/HP (weight gain from 14–28 days of age); T2: No differences between groupsLength: T1; T2: No differences between groupsHead Circumference: T1; T2: No differences between groupsBody Composition: T1; T2: Not reported |
| Carnielli et al., 1996 (49) | 1 month | SN2 (13%) SN2 (39%) SN2 (66%) | Body Weight: No differences between groupsLength: No differences between groupsHead Circumference: No differences between groupsBody Composition: T1; T2: Fat mass (% of body weight): No differences between groups |
| Civardi et al., 2017 (62) | 60 ± 5 days, 135 ± 5 days | SN2 (39%) + GO VO | Body Weight: No differences between groupsLength: No differences between groupsHead Circumference: No differences between groupsBody Composition: Not reported |
| Fewtrell et al., 2013 (57) | T1: 12 weeks T2: 10 years | SN2 (12%) SN2 (50%)HM | Body Weight: T1; T2: No differences between groupsLength: T1; T2: No differences between groupsHead Circumference: T1: No differences between groups; T2: Not reportedBody Composition: Not reported |
| Innis et al., 1997 (44) | 90 days | POL VOHM | Body Weight: No differences between groupsLength: No differences between groupsHead Circumference: No differences between groupsBody Composition: Not reported |
| Kennedy et al., 1999 (42) | 3, 6, 12 weeks | SN2 (50%) + CS VO (12%) + CS HM | Body Weight: No differences between groupsLength: No differences between groupsHead Circumference: No differences between groupsBody Composition: Subscapular skinfold thickness: SN2 (50%) + CS > HM, VO (12%) + CS > HM, no differences between SN2 (50%) + CS and VO (12%) + CS; Midupper arm circumference: no differences between groups; Triceps skinfold thickness: no differences between groups |
| Koo et al., 2003 (50) | 1, 3, 6 months | POLVO | Body Weight: No differences between groupsLength: No differences between groupsHead Circumference: No differences between groupsBody Composition: Not reported |
| Leite et al., 2013 (51) | 14-day tolerance phase, 4-day metabolic phase | POL1 VO1 | Body Weight: No differences between groupsLength: No differences between groupsHead Circumference: No differences between groupsBody Composition: Not reported |
| Litmanovitz et al., 2013 (39) | T1: 6 weeks T2: 12 weeks | SN21 (43%)PO1 (14%) HM | Body Weight: T1; T2: No differences between groupsLength: T1: HM > PO1 (14%), no differences between SN21 (43%) and HM or SN21 (43%) and PO1 (14%); T2: no differences between groupsHead Circumference: T1: HM > SN21 (43%), HM > PO1 (14%), no differences between SN21 (43%) and PO1 (14%); T2: No differences between groupsBody Composition: Not reported |
| Litmanovitz et al., 2014 (40) | T1: 6 weeks T2: 12 weeks | SN21 (44%) PO1 (14%) HM | Body Weight: T1: HM > PO1 (14%), HM > SN21 (44%), no differences between SN21 (44%) and PO1 (14%); T2: No differences between groupsLength: T1: HM > SN21 (44%), HM > PO1 (14%), no differences between SN21 (44%) and PO1 (14%); T2: No differences between groupsHead Circumference: T1: HM > SN21 (44%), HM > PO1 (14%), no differences between SN21 (44%) and PO1 (14%); T2: No differences between groupsBody Composition: Not reported |
| Lloyd et al., 1999 (52) PI | 0–2 weeks | POL VO | Body Weight: No differences between groupsLength: Not reportedHead Circumference: Not reportedBody Composition: Not reported |
| Lloyd et al., 1999 (52) PII | Day 8, day 22 | POLVO | Body Weight: No differences between groupsLength: Not reportedHead Circumference: Not reportedBody Composition: Not reported |
| Lopez-Lopez et al., 2001 (60) | 1, 2 months | SN21 (44.5%) VO1 (19%)HM | Body Weight: No differences between groupsLength: No differences between groupsHead Circumference: No differences between groupsBody Composition: Not reported |
| Manios et al., 2020 (54) PI | 2 weeks | VO1 (10.1%) + GOSN21 (39%) + GO | Body Weight: No differences between groupsLength: No differences between groupsHead Circumference: Not reportedBody Composition: Not reported |
| Manios et al., 2020 (54) PII | 2 weeks | VO1 (10.1%) + GO SN21 (19.7%) + GO | Body Weight: No differences between groupsLength: No differences between groupsHead Circumference: Not reportedBody Composition: Not reported |
| Nelson & Innis, 1999 (45) | 7, 30, 60, 90, 120 days | SN2 (30%)POL (5%) HM (57%) | Body Weight: No differences between groupsLength: No differences between groupsHead Circumference: No differences between groupsBody Composition: Not reported |
| Nomayo et al., 2020 (41) | 0-12 weeks | SN2 (20%–25%) + GO VO (<10%) HM | Body Weight: No differences between groupsLength: VO (<10%) > HM, no differences between VO (<10%) and SN2 (20%–25%) + GO or SN2 (20%–25%) + GO and HMHead Circumference: No differences between groupsBody Composition: Not reported |
| Nowacki et al., 2014 (59) | 14, 28 days | SN21 (40%) SN21 (40%) + GOVO1 HM | Body Weight: No differences between groupsLength: No differences between groupsHead Circumference: No differences between groupsBody Composition: Not reported |
| Schmelzle et al., 2003 (37) | T1: 0–6 weeksT2: 0–12 weeks | SN2 (41%) + GO/FO/HPPO | Body Weight: T1: SN2 (41%) + GO/FO/HP > PO (females only); T2: No differences between groupsLength: T1; T2: No differences between groupsHead Circumference: T1: No differences between groups; T2: SN2 (41%) + GO/FO/HP > PO (females only)Body Composition: Gains in total skinfold thickness: T1: No differences between groups; T2: SN2 (41%) + GO/FO/HP > PO (males only) |
| Wu et al., 2021 (63) | 16, 24 weeks | SN21 (46.3%) + GO VO1 (10.3%) + GO | Body Weight: No differences between groupsLength: No differences between groupsHead Circumference: No differences between groupsBody Composition: Not reported |
| Yao et al., 2014 (61) | 4, 8 weeks | SN21 (35.9%)SN21 (36.6%) + FO SN21 (36.9%) + FO VO1 (11.7%) HM | Body Weight: No differences between groupsLength: No differences between groupsHead Circumference: No differences between groupsBody Composition: Not reported |
| Yaron et al., 2013 (43) | 6 weeks | SN21 (44%) PO1 (14%) HM | Body Weight: No differences between groupsLength: No differences between groupsHead Circumference: HM > SN21 (44%), no differences between SN21 (44%) and PO1 (14%)Body Composition: Not reported |
% Refers to the percentage of palmitic acid esterified at the sn-2 position in formula. Abbreviations: ARA, arachidonic acid; CS, calcium salts; FO, fructo-oligosaccharides; GO, galacto-oligosaccharides; HM, human milk; HP, hydrolyzed protein; PO, palm oil; POL, palm olein; sn, stereospecific numbered; SN2, stereospecific numbered–2 palmitate; T1, time point 1; T2, time point 2; VO, vegetable oil.
1
Indicates the addition of long-chain PUFAs including 22:6n-3 (DHA) and 20:4n-6 (ARA).