TABLE 3.
Results for blood measures in included studies evaluating infants fed formulas containing palm oil or palm olein and sn-2 palmitate
| Reference | Time point(s) | Groups | Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|
| Plasma biochemistry | |||
| Innis et al., 1997 (44) | T1: 14 days T2: 90 days | POLVOHM | Total Cholesterol: T1; T2: HM > POL, HM > VO, no differences between POL and VOApoB: T1: HM > POL, HM > VO, no differences between POL and VO; T2: HM > POL, HM > VO, no differences between POL and VOApoA-I: T1: No differences between groups; T2: HM > VO, no differences between HM and POLTAG: T1: No differences between groups; T2: POL > VO, no differences between HM and VO or HM and POL |
| Nelson & Innis, 1999 (45) | T1: 30T2: 120 days | SN2 (30%)POL (5%)HM (57%) | Total Cholesterol: T1; T2: HM (57%) > POL (5%), HM (57%) > SN2 (30%), no differences between POL (5%) and SN2 (30%)ApoB: T1: HM (57%) > POL (5%), no differences between HM (57%) and SN2 (30%) or SN2 (30%) and POL (5%); T2: HM (57%) > POL (5%), SN2 (30%) > POL (5%), no differences between HM (57%) and SN2 (30%)ApoA-I: T1; T2: HM (57%) > SN2 (30%), POL (5%) > SN2 (30%), no differences between HM (57%) and POL (5%)TAG: T1; T2: No differences between groups |
| Serum biochemistry | |||
| Schmelzle et al., 2003 (37) | 6 weeks | SN2 (41%) + GO/FO/HPPO | Total albumin: No differences between groupsAverage prealbumin: PO > SN2 (41%) + GO/FO/HPTotal urea: No differences between groupsTotal protein: No differences between groupsTyrosine concentration: PO > SN2 (41%) + GO/FO/HPThreonine concentration: SN2 (41%) + GO/FO/HP > POIsoleucine concentration: SN2 (41%) + GO/FO/HP > POLysine concentration: SN2 (41%) + GO/FO/HP > PONote: SN2 (41%) + GO/FO/HP threonine levels were above normal for HM-fed infants |
| Plasma unesterified fatty acids | |||
| Innis & Nelson, 2013 (47) | 120 days | SN2 (29.1%)POL (5%)HM | 16:0: No differences between groups16:1: Not reported18:0: HM > POL (5%), no differences between HM and SN2 (29.1%)18:1n-9: POL (5%) > SN2 (29.1%), no differences between HM and POL (5%) or HM and SN2 (29.1%)22:6n-3: HM > SN2 (29.1%), HM > POL (5%), SN2 (29.1%) > POL (5%) |
| Cholesterol ester fatty acids | |||
| Innis et al., 1994 (46) | 3 months | SN2 (4.8%)HM (54.2%) | Plasma:16:0: HM (54.2%) > SN2 (4.8%)16:1: HM (54.2%) > SN2 (4.8%)18:0: No differences between groups18:1n-9: No differences between groups22:6n-3: HM (54.2%) > SN2 (4.8%) |
| Nelson & Innis, 1999 (45) | 120 days | SN2 (30%) POL (5%)HM (57%) | Chylomicron:16:0: No differences between groups16:1: Not reported18:0: No differences between groups18:1n-9: No differences between groups22:6n-3: HM (57%) > POL (5%), HM (57%) > SN2 (30%), no differences between SN2 (30%) and POL (5%) |
| Phospholipid fatty acids | |||
| Innis et al., 1994 (46) | 3 months | SN2 (4.8%)HM (54.2%) | Plasma:16:0: SN2 (4.8%) > HM (54.2%)16:1: No differences between groups18:0: HM (54.2%) > SN2 (4.8%)18:1n-9: No differences between groups22:6n-3: HM (54.2%) > SN2 (4.8%) |
| Innis et al., 1997 (44) | 90 days | POL VOHM | Plasma:16:0: POL > HM, POL > VO, no differences between VO and HM16:1: Not reported18:0: HM > POL, VO > HM, VO > POL18:1n-9: POL > HM, POL > VO, HM > VO22:6n-3: HM > POL, HM > VO, VO > PO |
| Innis & Nelson, 2013 (47) | 120 days | SN2 (29.1%)POL (5%)HM | LDL-PL:16:0: No differences between groups16:1: Not reported18:0: No differences between groups18:1n-9: No differences between groups22:6n-3: HM > SN2 (29.1%), HM > POL (5%), no differences between SN2 (29.1%) and POL (5%) |
| Nelson & Innis, 1999 (45) | 120 days | SN2 (30%)POL (5%)HM (57%) | Chylomicron:16:0: No differences between groups16:1: Not reported18:0: HM (57%) > SN2 (30%), HM (57%) > POL (5%), no differences between SN2 (30%) and POL (5%)18:1n-9: SN2 (30%) > HM (57%), POL (5%) > HM (57%), no differences between SN2 (30%) and POL (5%)22:6n-3: HM (57%) > SN2 (30%), HM (57%) > POL (5%), no differences between SN2 (30%) and POL (5%) |
| Phosphatidylcholine fatty acids | |||
| Innis et al., 1997 (44) | 90 days | POLVOHM | Erythrocyte:16:0: POL > VO, POL > HM, no differences between HM and VO16:1: Not reported18:0: VO > POL, VO > HM, HM > POL18:1n-9: POL > VO, HM > VO, no differences between POL and HM22:6n-3: HM > POL, HM > VO, no differences between POL and VO |
| Innis & Nelson, 2013 (47) | 120 days | SN2 (29.1%)POL (5%)HM | Plasma unesterified:16:0: No differences between groups16:1: Not reported18:0: HM > SN2 (29.1%), HM > POL (5%), no differences between SN2 (29.1%) and POL (5%)18:1n-9: No differences between groups22:6n-3: HM > SN2 (29.1%), HM > POL (5%), no differences between SN2 (29.1%) and POL (5%) |
| Erythrocyte phosphoethanolamine fatty acids | |||
| Innis et al., 1997 (44) | 90 days | POL VOHM | 16:0: VO > HM, no differences between POL and VO or POL and HM16:1: Not reported18:0: VO > POL, VO > HM, no differences between POL and HM18:1n-9: POL > HM, POL > VO, HM > VO22:6n-3: HM > POL, HM > VO, no differences between POL and VO |
| Plasma total triglyceride fatty acids | |||
| Innis et al., 1994 (46) | 3 months | SN2 (4.8%)HM (54.2%) | 16:0: No differences between groups16:1: HM (54.2%) > SN2 (4.8%)18:0: HM (54.2%) > SN2 (4.8%)18:1n-9: No differences between groups22:6n-3: No differences between groups |
| Innis & Nelson, 2013 (47) | 120 days | SN2 (29.1%)POL (5%)HM | 16:0: No differences between groups16:1: Not reported18:0: HM > SN2 (29.1%), HM > POL (5%), no differences between SN2 (29.1%) and POL (5%)18:1n-9: No differences between groups22:6n-3: HM > SN2 (29.1%), HM > POL (5%), no differences between SN2 (29.1%) and POL (5%) |
| Nelson & Innis, 1999 (45) | 120 days | SN2 (30%)POL (5%)HM (57%) | 16:0: No differences between groups16:1: Not reported18:0: HM (57%) > POL (5%), no differences between SN2 (30%) and POL (5%) or HM (57%) and SN2 (30%)18:1n-9: No differences between groups22:6n-3: HM (57%) > SN2 (30%), HM (57%) > POL (5%), no differences between SN2 (30%) and POL (5%) |
| Percentage of fatty acid at the sn-2 position in TAG | |||
| Innis et al., 1994 (46) | 3 months | SN2 (4.8%)HM (54.2%) | 16:0: HM (54.2%) > SN2 (4.8%)16:1: HM (54.2%) > SN2 (4.8%)18:0: No differences between groups18:1n-9: SN2 (4.8%) > HM (54.2%)22:6n-3: HM (54.2%) > SN2 (4.8%) |
| Innis & Nelson, 2013 (47) | 120 days | SN2 (29.1%) POL (5%)HM | 16:0: HM > SN2 (29.1%), HM > POL (5%), SN2 (29.1%) > POL (5%)16:1: Not reported18:0: No differences between groups18:1n-9: SN2 (29.1%) > HM, POL (5%) > HM, POL (5%) > SN2 (29.1%)22:6n-3: HM > SN2 (29.1%), HM > POL (5%), no differences between SN2 (29.1%) and POL (5%) |
| Nelson & Innis, 1999 (45) | 120 days | SN2 (30%)POL (5%)HM (57%) | 16:0: HM (57%) > SN2 (30%), HM (57%) > POL (5%), SN2 (30%) > POL (5%)16:1: Not reported18:0: HM (57%) > SN2 (30%), HM (57%) > POL (5%), POL > SN2 (30%)18:1n-9: POL (5%) > HM (57%), POL (5%) > SN2 (30%), no differences between HM (57%) and SN2 (30%)22:6n-3: HM (57%) > SN2 (30%), HM (57%) > POL (5%), SN2 (30%) > POL (5%) |
% Indicates the percentage of palmitic acid esterified at the sn-2 position in formula; 16:0 indicates palmitic acid; 16:1 indicates palmitoleic acid; 18:0 indicates stearic acid; 18:1n-9 indicates oleic acid; and 22:6n-3 indicates DHA. Abbreviations: FO, fructo-oligosaccharides; GO, galacto-oligosaccharides; HM, human milk; HP, hydrolyzed protein; PL, phospholipid; PO, palm oil; POL, palm olein; sn, stereospecific numbered; SN2, stereospecific numbered–2 palmitate; TAG, triacylglyceride; T1, time point 1; T2, time point 2; VO, vegetable oil.