TABLE 4.
Results for the intake of nutrients and formula in included studies evaluating infants fed formulas containing palm oil or palm olein and sn-2 palmitate
| Nutrient and Formula Intake | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Reference | Time point(s) | Groups | Outcome |
| Bar-Yoseph et al., 2016 (48) | 6, 12, 24 weeks | SN21 (43%) + GOVO1 (13%) + GOHM | Total fat: Not reported16:0: Not reportedCa+2: Not reportedFormula: No differences between groups22:6n-3: Not reported |
| Beghin et al., 2019 (38) | 2 weeks, 1, 2, 3, 4 months | SN2 (16%)SN2 (43%)SN2 (51%) | Total fat: Not reported16:0: Not reportedCa+2: Not reportedFormula: No differences between groups22:6n-3: Not reported |
| Borschel et al., 2014 (36) | T1: 1-14, 15-28, 1-28 days, T2: 56, 84, 119 days | VO1 + GO/HPPOL1 + GO/HP | Total fat: Not reported16:0: Not reportedCa+2: Not reportedFormula: T1: POL1 + GO/HP > VO1 + GO/HP; T2: No differences between groups22:6n-3: Not reported |
| Carnielli et al., 1996 (49) | ∼4 weeks | SN2 (13%)SN2 (39%)SN2 (66%) | Total fat: No differences between groups16:0: Not reportedCa+2: No differences between groupsFormula: No differences between groups22:6n-3: Not reported |
| Fewtrell et al., 2013 (57) | 10 years | SN2 (12%)SN2 (50%)HM | Total fat: Not reported16:0: Not reportedCa+2: No differences between groupsFormula: Not reported22:6n-3: Not reported |
| Kennedy et al., 1999 (42) | T1: 3,12 weeks T2: 6 weeks | SN2 (50%) + CSVO (12%) + CSHM | Total fat: Not reported16:0: Not reportedCa+2: Not reportedFormula: T1: VO (12%) + CS > SN2 (50%) + CS; T2: No differences between groups22:6n-3: Not reported |
| Koo et al., 2003 (50) | 3, 4, 8, 12, 16, 21, 26 weeks | POLVO | Total fat: Not reported16:0: Not reportedCa+2: Not reportedFormula: No differences between groups22:6n-3: Not reported |
| Leite et al., 2013 (51) | T1: metabolic crossover phase, T2: 14-day tolerance phase, 4-day metabolic phase | POL1 VO1 | Total fat: No differences between groups16:0: Not reportedCa+2: T1: VO1 > POL1Formula: T2: No differences between groups22:6n-3: Not reported |
| Lloyd et al., 1999 (52) PI | 0–2 weeks | POL VO | Total fat: Not reported16:0: Not reportedCa+2: Not reportedFormula: No differences between groups22:6n-3: Not reported |
| Lloyd et al., 1999 (52) PII | 0–2 weeks | POLVO | Total fat: Not reported16:0: Not reportedCa+2: Not reportedFormula: No differences between groups22:6n-3: Not reported |
| Manios et al., 2020 (54) PI | 2 weeks | VO1 (10.1%) + GO SN21 (39%) + GO | Total fat: Not reported16:0: Not reportedCa+2: Not reportedFormula: No differences between groups22:6n-3: Not reported |
| Manios et al., 2020 (54) PII | 2 weeks | VO1 (10.1%) + GOSN21 (19.7%) + GO | Total fat: Not reported16:0: Not reportedCa+2: Not reportedFormula: No differences between groups22:6n-3: Not reported |
| Nelson et al., 1996 (35) | 3- to 4-day metabolic balance phase | POLVO | Total fat: No differences between groups16:0: POL > VOCa+2: No differences between groupsFormula: Not reported22:6n-3: Not reported |
| Nelson et al., 1998 (34) | 3-night, 4-day metabolic balance phase | POLVO | Total fat: No differences between groups16:0: POL > VOCa+2: No differences between groupsFormula: No differences between groups22:6n-3: Not reported |
| Nomayo et al., 2020 (41) | 6, 12 weeks | SN2 (20%–25%) + GOVO (<10%) HM | Total fat: Not reported16:0: Not reportedCa+2: Not reportedFormula: No differences between groups22:6n-3: Not reported |
| Ostrom et al., 2002 (56) PI | 3-day balance phase | POL + HP/CSVO + CS | Total fat: No differences between groups16:0: Not reportedCa+2: No differences between groupsFormula: Not reported22:6n-3: Not reported |
| Ostrom et al., 2002 (56) PII | 3-day balance phase | POL + HP/CSVO + CS | Total fat: No differences between groups16:0: Not reportedCa+2: No differences between groupsFormula: Not reported22:6n-3: Not reported |
| de Souza et al., 2017 (53) | 4-day metabolic phase | PO1VO1 | Total fat: No differences between groups16:0: PO1 > VO1Ca+2: VO1 > PO1Formula: No differences between groups22:6n-3: PO1 > VO1 |
| Schmelzle et al., 2003 (37) | 6, 10 weeks | SN2 (41%) + GO/FO/HPPO | Total fat: Not reported16:0: Not reportedCa+2: Not reportedFormula: PO > SN2 (41%) + GO/FO/HP22:6n-3: Not reported |
| Sheng et al., 2020 (55) | 1–7 days | SN2 (19.9%) + PFPO (43.5%) + PFPO (40.1%) + PFVO (10.2%) + PF | Total fat: Not reported16:0: Not reportedCa+2: Not reportedFormula: No differences between groups22:6n-3: Not reported |
| Yaron et al., 2013 (43) | 6 weeks | SN21 (44%)PO1 (14%)HM | Total fat: Not reported16:0: Not reportedCa+2: Not reportedFormula: No differences between groups22:6n-3: Not reported |
% Indicates the percentage of palmitic acid esterified at the sn-2 position in formula; 16:0 indicates palmitic acid; and 22:6n-3 indicates DHA. Abbreviations: ARA, arachidonic acid; Ca+2, calcium; CS, calcium salts; FO, fructo-oligosaccharides; GO, galacto-oligosaccharides; HM, human milk; HP, hydrolyzed protein; PF, prebiotic fibers; PO, palm oil; POL, palm olein; sn, stereospecific numbered; SN2, stereospecific numbered–2 palmitate; T1, time point 1; T2, time point 2; VO, vegetable oil.
1
Indicates the addition of long-chain PUFAs including 22:6n-3 (DHA) and 20:4n-6 (ARA).