. 2021 Sep 12;151(10):2997–3035. doi: 10.1093/jn/nxab246

TABLE 5.

Results for stool analysis in included studies evaluating infants fed Formulas Containing Palm Oil or Palm Olein and sn-2 palmitate

Reference	Time point(s)	Groups	Outcome
Consistency (degree of firmness)
Alarcon et al., 2002 (58)	Day 0–14	POLVO-1VO-2POL/VO-1 HM + POLHM + VO-1HM + VO-2HM + POL/VO-1HM	POL/VO-1 > HM VO-2 > HMPOL/VO-1 > VO-2 POL > VO-2 VO-1 > VO-2
Beghin et al., 2019 (38)	T1: 2 weeks, 1, 2 months T2: 3, 4 months	SN2 (16%)SN2 (43%)SN2 (51%)	T1: SN2 (16%) > SN2 (51%), SN2 (16%) > SN2 (43%), No differences between SN2 (43%) and SN2 (51%) T2: No differences between groups
Borschel et al., 2014 (36)	T1: 1-14, 15-28, 1-28, 56, 84 days, T2: 119 days	VO¹ + GO/HPPOL¹ + GO/HP	T1: POL¹ + GO/HP > VO¹ + GO/HPT2: No differences between groups
Carnielli et al., 1996 (49)	∼4 weeks	SN2 (13%)SN2 (39%)SN2 (66%)	SN2 (13%) > SN2 (39%)SN2 (13%) > SN2 (66%)SN2 (39%) > SN2 (66%)
Civardi et al., 2017 (62)	60 ± 5 days, 135 ± 5 days	SN2 (39%) + GOVO	No differences between groups
Kennedy et al., 1999 (42)	6, 12 weeks	SN2 (50%) + CS VO (12%) + CSHM	VO (12%) + CS > SN2 (50%) + CS VO (12%) + CS > HM SN2 (50%) + CS > HM
Leite et al., 2013 (51)	T1: 14-day tolerance phase T2: 4-day metabolic phase	POL¹VO¹	T1: No differences between groups T2: POL¹ > VO¹
Litmanovitz et al., 2014 (40)	6, 12 weeks	SN2¹ (44%)PO¹ (14%)HM	SN2¹ (44%) > HMPO¹ (14%) > HM
Lloyd et al., 1999 (52) PI	0–2 weeks	POLVO	POL > VO
Lloyd et al., 1999 (52) PII	0–2 weeks	POLVO	POL > VO
Manios et al., 2020 (54) PI	2 weeks	VO¹ (10.1%) + GOSN2¹ (39%) + GO	VO¹ (10.1%) + GO > SN2¹ (39%) + GO
Manios et al., 2020 (54) PII	2 weeks	VO¹ (10.1%) + GOSN2¹ (19.7%) + GO	No differences between groups
Nowacki et al., 2014 (59)	14, 28 days	SN2¹ (40%)SN2¹ (40%) + FO VO¹HM	VO¹ > HM, SN2¹ (40%) > HM SN2¹ (40%) + FO > HM SN2¹ (40%) > SN2¹ (40%) + FO VO¹ > SN2¹ (40%) + FO, No differences between SN2¹ (40%) and VO¹
Schmelzle et al., 2003 (37)	6, 10 weeks	SN2 (41%) + GO/FO/HPPO	PO > SN2 (41%) + GO/FO/HP
Sheng et al., 2020 (55)	1–7 days	SN2 (19.9%) + PFPO (43.5%) + PFPO (40.1%) + PF VO (10.2%) + PF	PO (43.5%) + PF > SN2 (19.9%) + PF, PO (40.1%) + PF > SN2 (19.9%) + PF, VO (10.2%) + PF > SN2 (19.9%) + PF, No differences between PO (43.5%) + PF, PO (40.1%) + PF, and VO (10.2%) + PF
Yao et al., 2014 (61)	8 weeks	SN2¹ (35.9%)SN2¹ (36.6%) + FO (3 g/L) SN2¹ (36.9%) + FO (5 g/L) VO¹ (11.7%)HM	VO¹ (11.7%) > SN2¹ (35.9%) VO¹ (11.7%) > SN2¹ (36.6%) + FO (3 g/L)VO¹ (11.7%) > SN2¹ (36.9%) + FO (5g/L) HM > SN2¹ (35.9%) HM > SN2¹ (36.6%) + FO (3 g/L) No differences between HM and SN2¹ (36.9%) + FO (5 g/L) HM > VO¹ (11.7%)
Volume
Carnielli et al., 1996 (49)	∼4 weeks	SN2 (13%)SN2 (39%)SN2 (66%)	SN2 (13%) > SN2 (66%),SN2 (13%) > SN2 (39%) No differences between SN2 (39%) and SN2 (66%)
Kennedy et al., 1999 (42)	6, 12 weeks	SN2 (50%) + CSVO (12%) + CSHM	HM > SN2 (50%) + CS HM > VO (12%) + CS No differences between SN2 (50%) + CS and VO (12%) + CS
Sheng et al., 2020 (55)	1–7 days	SN2 (19.9%) + PFPO (43.5%) + PFPO (40.1%) + PFVO (10.2%) + PF	No differences between groups
Frequency
Alarcon et al., 2002 (58)	Day 0–14	POLVO-1VO-2POL/VO-1HM + POLHM + VO-1HM + VO-2HM + POL/VO-1HM	HM > POL/VO-1HM > VO-2VO-2 > POL/VO-1 VO-2 > POLVO-2 > VO-1
Borschel et al., 2014 (36)	1-14, 15-28, 1-28, 56, 84, 119 days	VO¹ + GO/HPPOL¹ + GO/HP	No differences between groups
Kennedy et al., 1999 (42)	6, 12 weeks	SN2 (50%) + CSVO (12%) + CSHM	No differences between groups
Leite et al., 2013 (51)	T1: 14-day tolerance phase T2: 4-day metabolic phase	POL¹VO¹	T1: No differences between groups T2: POL¹ > VO¹
Litmanovitz et al., 2014 (40)	6, 12 weeks	SN2¹ (44%)PO¹ (14%)HM	HM > SN2¹ (44%) HM > PO¹ (14%) No differences between SN2¹ (44%) and PO¹ (14%)
Lloyd et al., 1999 (52) PI	0–2 weeks	POLVO	VO > POL
Lloyd et al., 1999 (52) PII	0–2 weeks	POLVO	No differences between groups
Nowacki et al., 2014 (59)	14, 28 days	SN2¹ (40%)SN2¹ (40%) + FOVO¹HM	HM > SN2¹ (40%) HM > SN2¹ (40%) + FOHM > VO¹ No differences between SN2¹ (40%)SN2¹ (40%) + FO and VO¹
Schmelzle et al., 2003 (37)	6, 10 weeks	SN2 (41%) + GO/FO/HPPO	No differences between groups
Sheng et al., 2020 (55)	1–7 days	SN2 (19.9%)PO (43.5%) + PFPO (40.1%) + PFVO (10.2%) + PF	No differences between groups

% Of palmitic acid esterified at sn-2 position in formula. Abbreviations: ARA, arachidonic acid; CS, calcium salts; FO, fructo-oligosaccharides; GO, galacto-oligosaccharides; HM, human milk; HP, hydrolyzed protein; PF, prebiotic fibers; PO, palm oil; POL, palm olein; sn, stereospecific numbered; SN2, stereospecific numbered–2 palmitate; T1, time point 1; T2, time point 2; VO, vegetable oil; VO-1, S-26; VO-2, Similac Advance.

Indicates the addition of long-chain PUFAs, including 22:6n-3 (DHA) and 20:4n-6 (ARA).