TABLE 6.
Results for excretion in included studies evaluating infants fed formulas containing palm oil or palm olein and sn-2 palmitate
| Reference | Time point(s) | Groups | Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|
| Stool composition: Non-soap | |||
| Bar-Yoseph et al., 2016 (48) | 6 weeks | SN21 (43%) + GOVO1 (13%) + GOHM | Fecal Ca+2: Not reportedTotal fat: Not reportedTotal Fatty Acids: VO1 (13%) + GO > SN21 (43%) + GO, VO1 (13%) + GO > HM, SN21 (43%) + GO > HM16:0: VO1 (13%) + GO > SN21 (43%) + GO, VO1 (13%) > HM, SN21 (43%) + GO > HM22:6n-3: Not reported |
| Carnielli et al., 1996 (49) | ∼4 weeks | SN2 (13%)SN2 (39%)SN2 (66%) | Fecal Ca+2: SN2 (39%) > SN2 (66%), SN2 (13%) > SN2 (66%), no differences between SN2 (19.9%) and SN2 (39%)Total fat: SN2 (39%) > SN2 (66%), SN2 (13%) > SN2 (66%), no differences between SN2 (13%) and SN2 (39%)Total Fatty Acids: Not reported16:0: Not reported22:6n-3: Not reported |
| Kennedy et al., 1999 (42) | 6 weeks | SN2 (50%) + CSVO (12%) + CSHM | Fecal Ca+2: Not reportedTotal fat: Not reportedTotal Fatty Acids: No differences between groups16:0: No differences between groups22:6n-3: Not reported |
| Leite et al., 2013 (51) | 4-day metabolic phase | POL1VO1 | Fecal Ca+2: No differences between groupsTotal fat: POL1> VO1Total Fatty Acids: Not reported16:0: Not reported22:6n-3: Not reported |
| Lopez-Lopez et al., 2001 (60) | T1: 1 month T2: 2 months | SN21 (44.5%)VO1 (19%)HM | Fecal Ca+2: T1; T2 : VO1 (19%) > HM, SN21 (44.5%) > HM, no differences between VO1 (19%) and SN21 (44.5%)Total fat: Not reportedTotal Fatty Acids: T1: VO1 (19%) > HM, SN21 (44.5%) > HM, no differences between VO1 (19%) and SN21 (44.5%); T2: VO1 (19%) > HM, SN21 (44.5%) > HM, VO1 (19%) > SN21 (44.5%)16:0: T1: VO1 (19%) > HM, SN21 (44.5%) > HM, no differences between VO1 (19%) and SN21 (44.5%); T2: VO1 (19%) > HM, SN21 (44.5%) > HM, VO1 (19%) > SN21 (44.5%)22:6n-3: No differences between groups |
| Manios et al., 2020 (54) PI | 2 weeks | VO1 (10.1%) + GOSN21 (39%) + GO | Fecal Ca+2: VO1 (10.1%) + GO > SN21 (39%) + GOTotal fat: Not reportedTotal Fatty Acids: No differences between groups16:0: No differences between groups22:6n-3: Not reported |
| Manios et al., 2020 (54) PII | 2 weeks | VO1 (10.1%) + GOSN21 (19.7%) + GO | Fecal Ca+2: VO1 (10.1%) + GO > SN21 (19.7%) + GOTotal fat: Not reportedTotal Fatty Acids: No differences between groups16:0: No differences between groups22:6n-3: Not reported |
| Nelson et al., 1996 (35) | 3- to 4-day metabolic balance phase | POLVO | Fecal Ca+2: POL > VOTotal fat: POL > VOTotal Fatty Acids: Not reported16:0: POL > VO22:6n-3: Not reported |
| Nelson et al., 1998 (34) | 3-night, 4-day metabolic balance phase | POLVO | Fecal Ca+2: POL > VOTotal fat: POL > VOTotal Fatty Acids: Not reported16:0: POL > VO22:6n-3: Not reported |
| Nowacki et al., 2014 (59) | 28 days | SN21 (40%)SN21 (40%) + FOVO1HM | Fecal Ca+2: VO1 > SN21 (40%) + FO, SN21 (40%) > SN21 (40%) + FO, VO1 > HM, SN21 (40%) > HM, SN21 (40%) + FO > HM, no differences between VO1 and SN21 (40%)Total fat: Not reportedTotal Fatty Acids: Not reported16:0: Not reported22:6n-3: Not reported |
| Ostrom et al., 2002 (56) PI | 3-day balance phase | POL + HP/CSVO + CS | Fecal Ca+2: POL + HP/CS > VO + CSTotal fat: POL + HP/CS > VO + CSTotal Fatty Acids: Not reported16:0: Not reported22:6n-3: Not reported |
| Ostrom et al., 2002 (56) PII | 3-day balance phase | POL + HP/CSVO + CS | Fecal Ca+2: POL + HP/CS > VO + CSTotal fat: No differences between groupsTotal Fatty Acids: Not reported16:0: Not reported22:6n-3: Not reported |
| Sheng et al., 2020 (55) | 5, 6, 7 days | SN2 (19.9%) + PFPO (43.5%) + PFPO (40.1%) + PFVO (10.2%) + PF | Fecal Ca+2: No differences between groupsTotal fat: Not reportedTotal fatty acids: No differences between groups16:0: Not reported22:6n-3: Not reported |
| de Souza et al., 2017 (53) | 4-day metabolic phase | PO1VO1 | Fecal Ca+2: No differences between groupsTotal fat: PO1 > VO1Total fatty acids: PO1 > VO116:0: PO1 > VO1 22:6n-3: PO1 > VO1 |
| Stool content: fatty acid soaps | |||
| Bar-Yoseph et al., 2016 (48) | 6 weeks | SN21 (43%) + GOVO1 (13%) + GOHM | Fatty Acids: VO1 (13%) + GO > HM, SN21 (43%) + GO > HM, VO1 (13%) + GO > SN21 (43%) + GO16:0: VO1 (13%) + GO > SN21 (43%) + GO, SN21 (43%) + GO > HM, VO1 (13%) + GO > HM |
| Kennedy et al., 1999 (42) | 6 weeks | SN2 (50%) + CSVO (12%) + CSHM | Fatty Acids: VO (12%) + CS > SN2 (50%) + CS, SN2 (50%) + CS > HM, VO (12%) + CS > HM16:0: VO (12%) + CS > SN2 (50%) + CS, SN2 (50%) + CS > HM, VO (12%) + CS > HM |
| Manios et al., 2020 (54) PI | 2 weeks | VO1 (10.1%) + GOSN21 (39%) + GO | Fatty Acids: VO1 (10.1%) + GO > SN21 (39%) + GO16:0: VO1 (10.1%) + GO > SN21 (39%) + GO |
| Manios et al., 2020 (54) PII | 2 weeks | VO1 (10.1%) + GOSN21 (19.7%) + GO | Fatty Acids: VO1 (10.1%) + GO > SN21 (19.7%) + GO16:0: VO1 (10.1%) + GO > SN21 (19.7%) + GO |
| Nowacki et al., 2014 (59) | 28 days | SN21 (40%)SN21 (40%) + FOVO1HM | Fatty Acids: SN21 (40%) > SN21 (40%) + FO, VO1 > SN21 (40%) + FO, VO1 > HM, SN21 (40%) + FO > HM, SN21 (40%) > HM, no differences between SN21 (40%) and VO116:0: VO1 > SN21 (40%) + FO, VO1 > SN21 (40%), SN21 (40%) > SN21 (40%) + FO, SN21 (40%) + FO > HM, SN21 (40%) > HM, VO1 > HM |
| Sheng et al., 2020 (55) | 5, 6, 7 days | SN2 (19.9%) + PFPO (43.5%) + PFPO (40.1%) + PFVO (10.2%) + PF | Fatty Acids: VO (10.2%) + PF > SN2 (19.9%) + PF, no differences between SN2 (19.9%) + PF and PO (43.5%) + PF, PO (40.1%) + PF16:0: Not reported |
| Yao et al., 2014 (61) | 8 weeks | SN21 (35.9%)SN21 (36.6%) + FO (3 g/L)SN21 (36.9%) + FO (5 g/L)VO1 (11.7%)HM | Fatty Acids: VO1 (11.7%) > SN21 (35.9%), VO1 (11.7%) > SN21 (36.6%) + FO (3 g/L), VO1 (11.7%) > SN21 (36.9%) + FO (5 g/L), HM > SN21 (35.9%), HM > SN21 (36.9%) + FO (5 g/L), no differences between HM and VO1 (11.7%), SN21 (36.6%) + FO (3 g/L)16:0: VO1 (11.7%) > SN21 (35.9%), VO1 (11.7%) > SN21 (36.6%) + FO (3 g/L), VO1 (11.7%) > SN21 (36.9%) + FO (5 g/L), VO1 (11.7%) > HM, no differences between HM and SN21 (35.9%), SN21 (36.6%) + FO (3 g/L), SN21 (36.9%) + FO (5 g/L) |
| Bacterial composition | |||
| Civardi et al., 2017 (62) | 0 vs. 135 ± 5 day increase | SN2 (39%) + GOVO | Clostridium: No differences between groupsBifidobacteria: SN2 (39%) + GO > VOLactobacillus: Not reported |
| Nomayo et al., 2020 (41) | 12 weeks | SN2 (20%–25%) + GOVO (<10%)HM | Clostridium: Not reportedBifidobacteria: SN2 (20%–25%) + GO > VO (<10%), HM > VO (<10%), no differences between SN2 (20%–25%) + GO and HMLactobacillus: Not reported |
| Schmelzle et al., 2003 (37) | 0- to 6-week increase | SN2 (41%) + GO/FO/HPPO | Clostridium: Not reportedBifidobacteria: SN2 (41%) + GO/FO/HP > POLactobacillus: Not reported |
| Wu et al., 2021 (63) | T1: 16 weeksT2: 24 weeks | SN21 (46.3%) + GOVO1 (10.3%) + GOHM | Clostridium: Not reportedBifidobacteria: T1; T2: SN21 (46.3%) + GO > VO1 (10.3%) + GO, HM > VO1 (10.3%) + GO, no differences between SN21 (46.3%) + GO and HMLactobacillus: Not reported |
| Yao et al., 2014 (61) | 8 weeks, 0- to 8-week increase | SN21 (35.9%)SN21 (36.6%) + FOSN21 (36.9%) + FOVO1 (11.7%)HM | Clostridium: Not reportedBifidobacteria: SN21 (35.9%) > VO1 (11.7%), SN21 (36.6%) + FO (3 g/L) > VO1 (11.7%), SN21 (36.9%) + FO (5 g/L) > VO1 (11.7%), HM > VO1 (11.7%), no differences between SN21 (35.9%), SN21 (36.6%) + FO (3 g/L), SN21 (36.9%) + FO (5 g/L) and HMLactobacillus: Not reported |
| Yaron et al., 2013 (43) | 6 weeks | SN21 (44%)PO1 (14%)HM | Clostridium: Not reportedBifidobacteria: SN21 (44%) > PO1 (14%), HM > PO1 (14%), SN21 (44%) > HMLactobacillus: SN21 (44%) > PO1 (14%), HM > PO1 (14%), no differences between SN21 (44%) and HM |
| Urinary calcium excretion | |||
| Carnielli et al., 1996 (49) | ∼4 weeks | SN2 (13%)SN2 (39%)SN2 (66%) | No differences between groups |
| Leite et al., 2013 (51) | metabolic crossover phase | POL1VO1 | No differences between groups |
| Nelson et al., 1996 (35) | 3- to 4-day metabolic balance phase | POLVO | No differences between groups |
| de Souza et al., 2017 (53) | 4-day metabolic phase | PO1VO1 | No differences between groups |
% Indicates the percentage of palmitic acid esterified at the sn-2 position in formula; 16:0 indicates palmitic acid; and 22:6n-3 indicates DHA. Abbreviations: ARA, arachidonic acid; Ca+2, calcium; CS, calcium salts; FO, fructo-oligosaccharides; GO, galacto-oligosaccharides; HM, human milk; HP, hydrolyzed protein; PF, prebiotic fibers; PO, palm oil; POL, palm olein; sn, stereospecific numbered; SN2, stereospecific numbered–2 palmitate; T1, time point 1; T2, time point 2; VO, vegetable oil.
1
Indicates the addition of long-chain PUFAs including 22:6n-3 (DHA) and 20:4n-6 (ARA).