TABLE 7.
Results for intestinal absorption and retention of nutrients in included studies evaluating infants fed formulas containing palm oil or palm olein and sn-2 palmitate
| Reference | Time point(s) | Groups | Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|
| Intestinal absorption | |||
| Carnielli et al., 1996 (49) | ∼4 weeks | SN2 (13%)SN2 (39%)SN2 (66%) | Ca+2: SN2 (66%) > SN2 (39%), SN2 (66%) > SN2 (13%), no differences between SN2 (39%) and SN2 (13%)Total fat: SN2 (66%) > SN2 (39%), SN2 (66%) > SN2 (13%), no differences between SN2 (39%) and SN2 (13%)16:0: SN2 (66%) > SN2 (39%) > SN2 (13%) |
| Leite et al., 2013 (51) | metabolic crossover phase | POL1VO1 | Ca+2: VO1 > POL1Total fat: VO1 > POL116:0: Not reported |
| Nelson et al., 1996 (35) | 3- to 4-day metabolic balance phase | POLVO | Ca+2: VO > POLTotal fat: VO > POL16:0: VO > POL |
| Nelson et al., 1998 (34) | 3-night, 4-day metabolic balance phase | POLVO | Ca+2: VO > POLTotal fat: VO > POL16:0: VO > POL |
| Ostrom et al., 2002 (56) PI | 3-day balance phase | POL + HP/CSVO + CS | Ca+2: VO + CS > POL + HP/CSTotal fat: VO + CS > POL + HP/CS16:0: Not reported |
| Ostrom et al., 2002 (56) PII | 3-day balance phase | POL + HP/CSVO + CS | Ca+2: VO + CS > POL + HP/CSTotal fat: No differences between groups16:0: Not reported |
| de Souza et al., 2017 (53) | 4-day metabolic phase | PO1VO1 | Ca+2: VO1 > PO1Total fat: VO1 > PO116:0: No differences between groups |
| Retention | |||
| Carnielli et al., 1996 (49) | ∼4 weeks | SN2 (13%)SN2 (39%)SN2 (66%) | Ca+2: No differences between groups |
| Leite et al., 2013 (51) | 4-day metabolic phase | POL1 VO1 | Ca+2: VO1 > POL1 |
| Nelson et al., 1996 (35) | 3- to 4-day metabolic balance phase | POLVO | Ca+2: VO > POL |
| de Souza et al., 2017 (53) | 4-day metabolic phase | PO1VO1 | Ca+2: VO1 > POL1 |
% Of palmitic acid esterified at sn-2 position in formula; and 16:0 indicates palmitic acid. Abbreviations: ARA, arachidonic acid; Ca+2, calcium; CS, added calcium salts; HP, hydrolyzed protein; PO, palm oil; POL, palm olein; sn, stereospecific numbered; SN2, stereospecific numbered–2 palmitate; VO, vegetable oil.
1
Indicates the addition of long-chain PUFAs including 22:6n-3 (DHA) and 20:4n-6 (ARA).