TABLE 9.
Results for tolerance of formulas in included studies evaluating infants fed formulas containing palm oil or palm olein and sn-2 palmitate
| Reference | Time point(s) | Groups | Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|
| Behavior | |||
| Alarcon et al., 2002 (58) | Day 14 | POLVO-1VO-2POL/VO-1HM + POLHM + VO-1HM + VO-2HM + POL/VO-1HM | Crying/Colic: POL/VO-1 > VO-2, HM + POL/VO-1 > HM + VO-2Restlessness: Not reportedIrritability: Not reported |
| Beghin et al., 2019 (38) | 2 weeks to 4 months | SN2 (16%)SN2 (43%)SN2 (51%) | Crying/Colic: No differences between groupsRestlessness: SN2 (16%) > SN2 (51%)Irritability: SN2 (16%) > SN2 (51%) |
| Kennedy et al., 1999 (42) | T1: 3 weeks T2: 6, 12 weeks | SN2 (50%) + CSVO (12%) + CSHM | Crying/Colic: T1: SN2 (50%) + CS > VO (12%) + CS; T2: No differences between groupsRestlessness: Not reportedIrritability: Not reported |
| Leite et al., 2013 (51) | 14-day tolerance phase, 4-day metabolic phase | POL1VO1 | Crying/Colic: Not reportedRestlessness: Not reportedIrritability: No differences between groups |
| Litmanovitz et al., 2014 (40) | 6, 12 weeks | SN21 (44%)PO1 (14%)HM | Crying/Colic: T1: PO1 (14%) > SN21 (44%), PO1 (14%) > HM, no differences between SN21 (44%) and HM; T2: PO1 (14%) > SN21 (44%), PO1 (14%) > HM, no differences between SN21 (44%) and HMRestlessness: Not reportedIrritability: Not reported |
| Sheng et al., 2020 (55) | 1–7 days | SN2 (19.9%) + PFPO (43.5%) + PFPO (40.1%) + PFVO (10.2%) + PF | Crying/Colic: No differences between groups in the morning, afternoon, and evening. However, PO (43.5%) + PF > SN2 (19.9%) + PF, PO (40.1%) + PF > SN2 (19.9%) + PF, VO (10.2%) + PF > SN2 (19.9%) + PF at nightRestlessness: Not reportedIrritability: Not reported |
| Indicators of GI intolerance | |||
| Alarcon et al., 2002 (58) | Day 14 | POLVO-1VO-2POL/VO-1HM + POLHM + VO-1HM + VO-2HM + POL/VO-1HM | POL/VO-1 > VO-2HM + POL/VO-1 > HM + VO-2No differences between VO-2 and POL VO-2 < VO-1 |
| Nowacki et al., 2014 (59) | Day 14, 28 | SN21 (40%)SN21 (40%) + FOVO1HM | No differences between groups |
| Sheng et al., 2020 (55) | 1–7 days | SN2 (19.9%) + PFPO (43.5%) + PFPO (40.1%) +PFVO (10.2%) + PF | PO (43.5%) + PF > SN2 (19.9%) + PF, PO (40.1%) + PF > SN2 (19.9%) + PF, VO (10.2%) + PF > SN2 (19.9%) + PF No differences between PO (43.5%) + PF, PO (40.1%) + PF and VO (10.2%) + PF |
| Yao et al., 2014 (61) | 0, 4, 8 weeks | SN21 (35.9%)SN21 (36.6%) + FOSN21 (36.9%) + FOVO1 (11.7%)HM | No differences between groups |
| Wu et al., 2021 (63) | T1: 16 weeks, T2: 24 weeks | SN21 (46.3%) + GOVO1 (10.3%) + GOHM | T1; T2: No differences between groups |
| Spit-up or vomiting | |||
| Alarcon et al., 2002 (58) | Day 14 | POLVO-1VO-2POL/VO-1HM + POLHM + VO-1HM + VO-2HM + POL/VO-1HM | Spit-up: POL/VO-1 > VO-2, HM + POL/VO-1 > HM + VO-2Regurgitation: HM > VO-2, POL/VO-1 > VO-2, HM + POL/VO-1 > HM + VO-2, HM + VO-1 > HM + VO-2 |
| Beghin et al., 2019 (38) | 2 weeks to 4 months | SN2 (16%)SN2 (43%)SN2 (51%) | No differences between groups |
| Borschel et al., 2014 (36) | 0-28, 56, 84, 119 days | VO1 + GO/HPPOL1 + GO/HP | No differences between groups |
| Leite et al., 2013 (51) | 14-day tolerance phase, 4-day metabolic phase | POL1VO1 | No differences between groups |
| Lloyd et al., 1999 (52) PI | 0–2 weeks | POLVO | No differences between groups |
| Lloyd et al., 1999 (52) PII | 0–2 weeks | POLVO | No differences between groups |
| Schmelzle et al., 2003 (37) | 0-6 weeks | SN2 (41%) + GO/FO/HPPO | Vomiting: Reported among reasons for dropout |
| Sheng et al., 2020 (55) | 1–7 days | SN2 (19.9%) + PFPO (43.5%) + PFPO (40.1%) + PFVO (10.2%) + PF | Spit-up: No differences between groupsRegurgitation: No differences between groups |
| Flatulence | |||
| Beghin et al., 2019 (38) | 2 weeks to 4 months | SN2 (16%)SN2 (43%)SN2 (51%) | No differences between groups |
| Civardi et al., 2017 (62) | 60 ± 5 days, 135 ± 5 days | SN2 (39%) + GOVO | No differences between groups |
| Leite et al., 2013 (51) | 14-day tolerance phase, 4-day metabolic phase | POL1VO1 | No differences between groups |
| Schmelzle et al., 2003 (37) | 0-6 weeks | SN2 (41%) + GO/FO/HPPO | Reported among reasons for dropout |
| Sheng et al., 2020 (55) | 1–7 days | SN2 (19.9%) + PFPO (43.5%) + PFPO (40.1%) + PFVO (10.2%) + PF | PO (43.5%) + PF > SN2 (19.9%) + PF, PO (40.1%) + PF > SN2 (19.9%) + PF, VO (10.2%) + PF > SN2 (19.9%) + PF No differences between PO (43.5%) + PF, PO (40.1%) + PF and VO (10.2%) + PF |
% Of palmitic acid esterified at sn-2 position in formula. Abbreviations: ARA, arachidonic; CS, calcium salts; FO, fructo-oligosaccharides; GI, gastrointestinal; GO, galacto-oligosaccharides; HM, human milk; HP, hydrolyzed protein; PF, prebiotic fibers; PO, palm oil; POL, palm olein; sn, stereospecific numbered; SN2, stereospecific numbered–2 palmitate; T1, time point 1; T2, time point 2; VO, vegetable oil; VO-1, S-26; VO-2, Similac Advance.
1
Indicates the addition of long-chain PUFAs, including 22:6n-3 (DHA) and 20:4n-6 (ARA).