TABLE 1.
Characteristics for study participants from the Framingham Heart Study Second Generation and First Generation Omni cohorts by sex: mean or % (95% CI)1
| Characteristic | All (n = 2238) | Men (n = 999) | Women (n = 1239) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, y | 69.9 (69.6, 70.2) | 70.0 (69.5, 70.5) | 69.8 (69.3, 70.2) | 0.53 |
| Education—highest grade completed, % | ||||
| High school or less | 24.8 (23, 26.6) | 20.4 (17.8, 23.1) | 28.3 (25.9, 30.7) | <0.001 |
| Some college/associate's degree | 30.3 (28.3, 32.2) | 26.4 (23.5, 29.3) | 33.3 (30.7, 35.9) | <0.001 |
| College | 22.2 (20.4, 23.9) | 26 (23.3, 28.6) | 19.1 (16.8, 21.5) | <0.001 |
| Postgraduate | 21.6 (19.9, 23.3) | 26.1 (23.5, 28.7) | 18 (15.7, 20.3) | <0.001 |
| Current smoker, % | 5.2 (4.3, 6.1) | 4.4 (3, 5.8) | 5.8 (4.6, 7) | 0.14 |
| BMI,2 kg/m2 | 27.9 (27.7, 28.1) | 28.6 (28.2, 28.9) | 27.4 (27.1, 27.7) | <0.001 |
| Waist circumference, cm2 | 100 (100, 101) | 104 (104, 105) | 97.3 (96.6, 98.0) | <0.001 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 127 (126,127) | 127 (126,128) | 126 (125,127) | 0.18 |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 72 (71.6, 72.4) | 73.2 (72.6, 73.8) | 71.1 (70.5, 71.6) | <0.001 |
| Total cholesterol,2 mg/dL | 180 (178, 182) | 165 (163, 167) | 193 (191, 195) | <0.001 |
| HDL cholesterol,2 mg/dL | 59.3 (58.6, 60.1) | 51.7 (50.8, 52.6) | 66.3 (65.3, 67.3) | <0.001 |
| LDL cholesterol,2,3 mg/dL | 94.2 (93.0, 95.4) | 87.8 (86.1, 89.5) | 99.7 (98.0, 101.4) | <0.001 |
| Triglycerides,2 mg/dL | 103 (101, 105) | 101 (98, 104) | 104 (101, 106) | 0.18 |
| C-reactive protein,2 mg/L | 1.6 (1.5, 1.6) | 1.4 (1.3, 1.5) | 1.7 (1.6, 1.8) | <0.001 |
| Glucose,2 mg/dL | 102 (101, 103) | 106 (104, 107) | 99 (98, 100) | <0.001 |
| Hypertension, % | 71 (69.1, 72.9) | 74.6 (71.8, 77.5) | 68 (65.5, 70.6) | <0.001 |
| Diabetes, % | 13 (11.6, 14.4) | 15.8 (13.7, 17.9) | 10.8 (8.9, 12.6) | <0.001 |
| Medication use, % | ||||
| Antihypertensive | 56.4 (54.3, 58.4) | 61.2 (58.2, 64.3) | 52.4 (49.7, 55.2) | <0.001 |
| Cholesterol lowering | 52.3 (50.2, 54.4) | 59 (55.9, 62) | 46.9 (44.1, 49.7) | <0.001 |
| Antidiabetic | 11 (9.7, 12.3) | 13.8 (11.9, 15.8) | 8.7 (7, 10.5) | <0.001 |
| Energy intake,2 kcal/d | 1829 (1804, 1856) | 1930 (1889, 1971) | 1752 (1719, 1786) | <0.001 |
1
Maximum number of participants from the Framingham Heart Study Second Generation and Omni First Generation cohorts who had valid FFQs, estimated glomerular filtration rate >30 mL·min–1·1.73 m–2, complete covariate information, and at least 1 spot or 24-h urinary creatinine value.
2
Geometric means and 95% CIs are presented.
3
Calculated LDL cholesterol.