TABLE 3.
Geometric means (95% CIs) for cardiometabolic risk factors for study participants from the Framingham Heart Study Second Generation and First Generation Omni cohorts by quartile categories of daily water intake (mL)1
| Quartile 1 | Quartile 2 | Quartile 3 | Quartile 4 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristic | (n = 558) | (n = 559) | (n = 560) | (n = 561) | P-trend |
| Total cholesterol, mg/dL2 | |||||
| Total water intake3 | 175 (171, 178) | 176 (173, 180) | 177 (174, 181) | 176 (172, 179) | 0.43 |
| Beverage intake4 | 173 (170, 176) | 178 (174, 181) | 176 (173, 180) | 177 (174, 181) | 0.07 |
| Plain water intake | 173 (170, 177) | 177 (173, 180) | 178 (174, 181) | 176 (172, 179) | 0.20 |
| LDL cholesterol,2 mg/dL | |||||
| Total water intake | 91.9 (89.0, 94.9) | 93.1 (90.1, 96.2) | 93.1 (90.1, 96.2) | 91.2 (88.3, 94.2) | 0.65 |
| Beverage intake | 91.1 (88.3, 94.0) | 94.2 (91.2, 97.3) | 92.5 (89.5, 95.6) | 91.9 (88.9, 95.0) | 0.92 |
| Plain water intake | 90.7 (87.9, 93.6) | 93.7 (90.6, 97.0) | 93.6 (90.7, 96.6) | 91.7 (88.7, 94.8) | 0.69 |
| HDL cholesterol,2 mg/dL | |||||
| Total water intake | 56.6 (55.0, 58.2) | 56.8 (55.1, 58.5) | 58.2 (56.5, 60.0) | 58.9 (57.2, 60.7) | 0.004 |
| Beverage intake | 56.0 (54.4, 57.6) | 57.0 (55.4, 58.7) | 58.3 (56.5, 60.0) | 59.8 (58.0, 61.6) | <0.001 |
| Plain water intake | 56.7 (55.1, 58.4) | 55.8 (54.1, 57.6) | 58.7 (57.0, 60.4) | 58.2 (56.5, 59.9) | 0.01 |
| Triglycerides,2 mg/dL | |||||
| Total water intake | 102 (97, 106) | 101 (97, 106) | 99 (94, 104) | 98 (94, 103) | 0.10 |
| Beverage intake | 102 (97, 106) | 102 (97, 107) | 99 (94, 104) | 98 (93, 103) | 0.08 |
| Plain water intake | 102 (97, 106) | 105 (100, 110) | 98 (93, 102) | 99 (94, 104) | 0.05 |
| Fasting glucose,5 mg/dL | |||||
| Total water intake | 103 (101, 104) | 102 (100, 103) | 102 (101, 104) | 104 (102, 105) | 0.24 |
| Beverage intake | 102 (101, 104) | 102 (100, 104) | 103 (101, 104) | 103 (102, 105) | 0.23 |
| Plain water intake | 103 (102, 105) | 101 (100, 103) | 103 (101, 104) | 102 (101, 104) | 0.73 |
| HbA1c,5 % | |||||
| Total water intake | 5.78 (5.74, 5.83) | 5.78 (5.74, 5.82) | 5.81 (5.76, 5.85) | 5.79 (5.75, 5.83) | 0.66 |
| Beverage intake | 5.80 (5.76, 5.84) | 5.78 (5.74, 5.83) | 5.78 (5.74, 5.83) | 5.79 (5.75, 5.84) | 0.83 |
| Plain water intake | 5.79 (5.75, 5.84) | 5.78 (5.74, 5.83) | 5.80 (5.76, 5.84) | 5.77 (5.73, 5.82) | 0.44 |
| C-reactive protein, mg/L | |||||
| Total water intake | 1.57 (1.41, 1.74) | 1.47 (1.32, 1.64) | 1.43 (1.28, 1.60) | 1.44 (1.29, 1.61) | 0.13 |
| Beverage intake | 1.55 (1.39, 1.72) | 1.43 (1.28, 1.60) | 1.48 (1.32, 1.66) | 1.44 (1.29, 1.61) | 0.32 |
| Plain water intake | 1.49 (1.34, 1.66) | 1.52 (1.35, 1.70) | 1.45 (1.31, 1.62) | 1.45 (1.30, 1.62) | 0.47 |
| Systolic blood pressure,6 mm Hg | |||||
| Total water intake | 126 (125, 128) | 128 (126, 130) | 128 (126, 129) | 128 (126, 130) | 0.10 |
| Beverage intake | 126 (125, 128) | 127 (125, 129) | 128 (126, 130) | 128 (126, 130) | 0.06 |
| Plain water intake | 126 (125, 128) | 127 (125, 129) | 128 (126, 130) | 128 (126, 130) | 0.11 |
| Diastolic blood pressure,6,7 mm Hg | |||||
| Total water intake | 72.0 (71.0, 73.0) | 73.0 (71.9, 74.0) | 72.6 (71.6, 73.6) | 72.2 (71.1, 73.2) | 0.98 |
| Beverage intake | 72.1 (71.1, 73.1) | 72.6 (71.6, 73.6) | 73.0 (71.9, 74.0) | 72.1 (71.0, 73.1) | 0.96 |
| Plain water intake | 72.1 (71.1, 73.1) | 72.2 (71.2, 73.3) | 72.8 (71.8, 73.8) | 72.6 (71.6, 73.6) | 0.26 |
Adjusted for age (years), sex, cohort, BMI (kg/m2), education (<college, ≥college), current smoker (yes/no), and physical activity score.
Additional adjustment for cholesterol-lowering medication use (yes/no).
Total water from foods and beverages.
Water from beverages (beverage intake) included plain water, 100% fruit and vegetable juices, sugar-sweetened and nonnutritive-sweetened carbonated beverages, milk (skim/low fat and whole), soy milk, tea, coffee (with and without caffeine), dairy coffee beverages, and beer, wine, and liquor beverages.
Additional adjustment for insulin lowering medication (yes/no).
Additional adjustment for antihypertensive medication use (yes/no).
Arithmetic mean.