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. 2021 Jun 30;151(10):2917–2931. doi: 10.1093/jn/nxab193

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© The Author(s) 2021. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the American Society for Nutrition.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. For commercial re-use, please contact journals.permissions@oup.com

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States of mitochondrial respiration of skeletal muscle tissue obtained from older adults with compromised physical function administered supplemental niacin equivalents and placebo, each for 32 days. (A) State 2 respiration. (B) State 3 respiration under ADP stimulation with lipid substrates. (C) State 3 respiration with substrates focusing on Complex I. (D) State 3 respiration with parallel substrates focus on Complex I and II. (E) Uncoupled respiration under FCCP addition. (F) State 4o respiration uncoupled from ATP synthase. Values are represented as means ± SDs, n = 13. *P < 0.05. Abbreviations: FCCP, carbonylcyanide-4-(trifluoromethoxy)-phenylhydrazone; G, glutamate; M, malate; O, octanoyl-carnitine; S, succinate.