Endostatin |
Proteolytic cleavage product of collagen type XVIII α1 chain (50) |
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Circulating elevated endostatin levels in patients with PAH are associated with worsened cardiac function and poor survival (50)
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Acts as a positive regulator of thrombospondin 1 and is associated with PAH severity (51)
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Stimulates proliferation, migration, and wound healing in rat cardiac fibroblasts (177, 178)
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In patients with chronic heart failure and coronary heart disease, increased circulating levels may predict adverse outcomes (172, 179)
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Rise in endostatin may reflect adverse cardiac remodeling (180)
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Endorepellin |
Cleavage fragment of perlecan from its C-terminal domain by proteolytic enzyme cathepsin L (12, 181, 182) |
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Antiangiogenic, antiapoptotic, and profibrogenic in function (12)
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Maintains integrity and stability of BM (12)
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Upregulated levels of cathepsin L have been reported in rats exposed to hypoxia and in the endothelium of patients with IPAH with BMPR2 mutations (183)
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Marked expression in ischemic reperfusion injury under mild hypothermic conditions in pigs may contribute to an increased structural remodeling of the myocardial BM with potential functional impairment (184)
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Arresten |
Cleavage product of collagen type IV α1 chain by MT1-MMP and MT2-MMP (177) |
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Antiangiogenic and proapoptotic in function (185–186)
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Maintains integrity and stability of BM (12)
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Antiangiogenic action by inhibiting proliferation and migration, promoting apoptosis in endothelial cells (186), and suppressing the migration and invasion of tumor cells (187)
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Canstatin |
Fragment derived from α2 chain of collagen type IV by MT1-MMP and MT2-MMP (177) |
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Increased degradation by cathepsin S at the site of infarcted area after myocardial infarction may be involved in the pathogenesis of myocardial infarction through increased turnover (188)
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Stimulates the migration of rat cardiac fibroblasts through the increased expression of MMP2 (189)
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Inhibits hypoxia-induced apoptosis in H9c2 cardiomyoblasts (190)
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Tumstatin |
Cleavage fragment of collagen type IV α3 chain (191) |
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Thrombospondin 1 |
N/A |
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Increased protein expression stimulates pulmonary endothelial cell apoptosis, inhibits migration and proliferation, and conversely promotes smooth muscle cell proliferation (51)
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Increased expression promotes fibrosis and diminished cardiac function in the diabetic pressure overloaded heart (194)
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Elevated plasma levels in PH cohort correlate with increased mortality (195)
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Thrombospondin 2 |
N/A |
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