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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 Oct 1.
Published in final edited form as: J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2021 Jul;27(6):621–636. doi: 10.1017/S1355617721000631

Table 5.

Pre-and Post-initiation Difference Scores by Group

Cognitive Measure Post minus Pre-Initiation Group Differences

Infrequent Cannabis Users (IF) Moderately Frequent Cannabis users (MF) Alcohol-Only Users (AO) Post-Initiation minus Pre-Initiation Controlling for Pre-Initiation Performance Nature of Significant group differences

n= 29 18 39 -- --
RAVLT F (p)/ η p 2

Sum Total Correct: Trials 1–5 3.34 (1.5) −2.81 (1.9) −0.56 (1.3) 3.70/.029/.09 MF < IF

New Learning (Average: Trial 1, ListB) 0.38 (.45) −0.84 (.60) 0.07 (.39) 1.29/.281/.03 --
Immediate recall 0.85 (.41) −0.39 (.53) 0.23 (.36) 1.75 /.181/.04 --
30-minute delayed recall 0.74 (.40) −1.25 (.52) −0.06 (.35) 4.55/.014/.10 MF < IF
Proportion of consolidated information (Delayed recall/Total correct trial 5) 0.02 (.33) −0.11 (.04) −0.00 (.03) 3.05/.053/.07 --
Iowa Gambling Task
Total Adv-Disadv choices
14.00 (5.8) 6.23 (7.80) 7.75 (5.2) .50/.609/.013 --
Total Adv-Disadv choices for Trials 1–40: Decisions under ambiguity 1.71 (18.98) −0.94 (16.55) −0.89 (17.54) 0.28/.760/.01 --
Total Adv-Disadv choices for Trials 41–100: Decisions under risk 12.80 (4.46) 6.52 (5.98) 8.86 (4.00) 0.41/.668/.01 --

Notes. Estimated marginal means and standard errors are presented, controlling for parental education and pre-initiation performance. Comparisons where p-values are statistically significant (p<.05) are bolded.