Table 2. Impact of interventions on endothelial function in heart failure.
| FMD | HIIT | CRT | CG | Within-group difference (post minus pre) | Between-group difference | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean ± SD (95% CI) | Mean ± SD (95% CI) | Mean ± SD (95% CI) | MD (95% CI) | MD (95% CI) | ||||||||
| pre (n = 5) | post (n = 5) | pre (n = 6) | post (n = 6) | pre (n = 4) | post (n = 4) | Δ HIIT | Δ CRT | Δ CG | HIIT vs. CRT | HIIT vs. CG | CRT vs. CG | |
| Rest diameter (mm) | 4.54 ± 1.09 (3.19 to 5.88) | 4.54 ± 0.92 (3.39 to 5.68) | 4.38 ± 0.58 (3.77 to 4.98) | 4.52 ± 0.61 (3.88 to 5.17) | 4.36 ± 1.17 (2.94 to 6.23) | 4.35 ± 0.51 (3.55 to 5.16) | 0.00 (-0.67 to 0.67) | 0.15 (-0.47 to 0.76) | -0.01 (-0.76 to 0.74) | 0.09 (-1.24 to 1.41) | 0.18 (-1.29 to 1.65) | 0.09 (-1.32 to 1.50) |
| Peak diameter (mm) | 4.77 ± 1.10 (3.41 to 6.13) | 4.75 ± 0.88 (3.66 to 5.84) | 4.57 ± 0.59 (3.95 to 5.19) | 4.74 ± 0.57 (4.14 to 5.33) | 4.54 ± 1.12 (2.77 to 6.31) | 4.58 ± 0.39 (3.96 to 5.21) | -0.02 (-0.72 to 0.68) | 0.17 (-0.47 to 0.80) | 0.04 (-0.74 to 0.82) | 0.10 (-1.16 to 1.37) | 0.19 (-1.21 to 1.60) | 0.09 (-1.26 to 1.44) |
| FMD (%) | 5.37 ± 2.59 (2.16 to 8.59) | 5.01 ± 3.93 (0.13 to 9.90) | 4.54 ± 2.65 (1.76 to 7.32) | 4.96 ± 4.54 (0.19 to 9.72) | 4.62 ± 2.60 (0.48 to 8.76) | 5.51 ± 3.61 (-0.22 to 11.25) | -0.36 (-5.05 to 4.33) | 0.42 (-3.86 to 4.70) | 0.90 (-4.35 to 6.14) | 0.45 (-4.42 to 5.31) | 0.13 (-5.27 to 5.52) | -0.32 (-5.51 to 4.87) |
Values are expressed as mean ± standard deviation (SD), mean difference (MD) and 95% CI (confidence interval). Comparisons between groups were analyzed by the mixed ANOVA with Bonferroni post-test (within and between) for all parameters.
*p ≤0.05. HIIT, high-intensity interval training; CRT, circuit-resistance training; CG, control group; FMD, flow-mediated dilatation; mm, millimeter; Δ, post—pre values.