Table 4. Impact of interventions on muscle strength in heart failure patients.
| BIODEX | HIIT | CRT | CG | Within-group difference (post minus pre) | Between-group difference | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean ± SD (95% CI) | Mean ± SD (95% CI) | Mean ± SD (95% CI) | MD (95% CI) | MD (95% CI) | ||||||||
| pre (n = 7) | post (n = 7) | pre (n = 5) | post (n = 5) | pre (n = 6) | post (n = 6) | Δ HIIT | Δ CRT | Δ CG | HIIT vs. CRT | HIIT vs. CG | CRT vs. CG | |
| Isokinetic torque peak (Nm) | 101.4 ± 37.2 (66.9 to 135.8) | 110.2 ± 41.6 (71.8 to 148.7) | 112.9 ± 47.4 (54.1 to 171.8) | 118.5 ± 46.1 (61.3 to 175.6) | 116.7 ± 41.4 (73.3 to 160.1) | 118.3 ± 40.1 (76.1 to 160.4) | 8.9 (-0.2 to 18.0) | 5.5 (-5.2 to 16.3) | 1.5 (-8.3 to 11.4) | 9.9 (-55.9 to 75.7) | 11.7 (-50.8 to 74.2) | 1.8 (-66.2 to 69.8) |
| Isokinetic torque peak / Body weight (%) | 117.3 ± 28.8 (90.7 to 144.0) | 129.4 ± 32.3 (99.6 to 159.3) | 122.6 ± 40.5 (72.4 to 172.9) | 129.3 ± 37.3 (83.0 to 175.6) | 146.0 ± 29.1 (115.4 to 176.6) | 151.9 ± 36.7 (113.4 to 190.4) | 12.1 (1.8 to 22.4)* | 6.7 (-5.5 to 18.8) | 5.9 (-5.2 to 17.0) | 2.6 (-50.2 to 55.4) | 25.6 (-24.6 to 75.7) | 23.0 (-31.6 to 77.5) |
| Total Work (J) | 1742.5 ± 590.5 (1196.3 to 2288.6) | 1902.1 ± 610.2 (1337.8 to 2466.5) | 2016.3 ± 733.7 (1105.0 to 2927.5) | 1981.3 ± 1181.1 (514.8 to 3447.9) | 2060.5 ± 664.4 (1363.3 to 2757.7) | 2117.9 ± 731.8 (1350.0 to 2885.8) | 159.7 (-224.7 to 544.1) | -34.9 (-489.8 to 419.9) | 57.4 (-357.8 to 472.6) | 273.8 (-1358.7 to 811.1) | -318.1 (-1348.8 to 712.8) | -44.3 (-1166.2 to 1077.7) |
| Work / Body weight (%) | 132.3 ± 32.5 (102.3 to 162.4) | 148.5 ± 39.7 (111.8 to 185.2) | 139.6 ± 39.1 (91.0 to 188.1) | 144.7 ± 38.5 (97.0 to 192.5) | 166.8 ± 31.5 (133.7 to 199.9) | 176.9 ± 40.0 (134.9 to 218.8) | 16.2 (-3.4 to 35.9) | 5.2 (-18.1 to 28.4) | 10.1 (-11.2 to 31.3) | 1.7 (-54.4 to 57.8) | 31.4 (-21.9 to 87.7) | 29.7 (-28.4 to 87.7) |
| Total Work Max Repetition (J) | 115.1 ± 45.8 (72.4 to 157.4) | 124.6 ± 42.1 (85.7 to 163.5) | 127.4 ± 45.2 (71.3 to 183.5) | 132.7 ± 49.9 (70.6 to 194.6) | 132.9 ± 42.6 (88.3 to 177.6) | 138.0 ± 45.2 (90.6 to 185.4) | 9.5 (-6.8 to 25.9) | 5.5 (-14.1 to 24.6) | 5.1 (-12.6 to22.7) | 10.2 (-59.5 to 80.0) | 15.6 (-50.6 to 81.9) | 5.4 (-66.7 to 77.5) |
| Work Fatigue (%) | 35.3 ± 14.3 (26.7 to 43.9) | 41.3 ± 4.2 (38.8 to 43.7) | 39.2 ± 6.8 (34.3 to 44.1) | 35.7 ± 11.6 (23.5 to 44.0) | 39.2 ± 12.7 (25.8 to 52.5) | 43.4 ± 4.9 (38.3 to 48.5) | 8.1 (-4.3 to 20.5) | -3.1 (-17.7 to 11.6) | 4.2 (-9.2 to 17.6) | -0.1 (-14.2 to 14.0) | 4.1 (-9.4 to 17.5) | 4.2 (-10.5 to 18.8) |
| Average power (Watt) | 141.1 ± 50.8 (94.2 to 188.1) | 161.9 ± 63.2 (103.4 to 220.4) | 175.2 ± 77.4 (79.1 to 271.4) | 191.3 ± 75.7 (97.3 to 285.2) | 167.6 ± 59.7 (105.0 to 230.2) | 169.0 ± 60.5 (105.5 to 232.6) | 20.8 (4.7 to 36.8)* | 16.0 (-2.9 to 35.0) | 1.4 (-15.9 to 18.7) | 31.7 (-68.3 to 131.8) | 16.8 (-78.2 to 111.9) | -14.9 (-118.3 to 88.5) |
Values are expressed as mean ± standard deviation (SD), mean difference (MD) and 95% CI (confidence interval). Comparisons between groups were analyzed by the mixed ANOVA with Bonferroni post-test (within and between) for all parameters.
*p ≤0.05. HIIT, high-intensity interval training; CRT, circuit-resistance training; CG, control group; Nm, newton-meter; J, Joules; Max, maximum.