Table 2.
Summary of Reported Stiffness Parameters of Normal and Abnormal Breast Tissue
| Author | Year | No. Patients (No. lesions) | Vibration Frequency, Hz | Fibroadenoma/Benign Lesions | Benign Fatty Tissue | Benign Fibrog丨andular Tissue | Malignant Tissue | Reported P Values |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bishop | 1998 | 1 (N/A) | 50 | N/A | N/A | c: 0.68 ± 0.16 m/s α: 1.6 ± 0.2 nepers/λ |
N/A | N/A |
| Lawrence | 1998 | 9 (N/A) | 50–200 | N/A | fat: 0.43 ± 0.07 kPa | FGT: 2.45 ± 0.2 kPa | N/A | N/A |
| Sinkus | 2000 | 1 (1) | 60 | N/A | N/A | IEI: 0.5–1 kPa | IEI: 3.5 kPa | N/A |
| Plewes | 2000 | 1 (N/A) | N/R | N/A | SNR 16 | SNR 10 | N/A | N/A |
| Lorenzen | 2001 | 3 (4) | 65 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| Lorenzen | 2002 | 35 (20) | 65 | Median Gd = 7 kPa; range, 2–8 kPa | Median elasticity = 2 kPa; range, 0.5–4 kPa | FGT adjacent to BC: median Gd = 2.5 kPa; range, 1–7 kPa stiff FGT: median Gd = 7 kPa; range, 3–15 kPa |
BC: median = 15.9 kPa; range, 8–28 kPa |
BC vs. FGT: P < .001 BC vs. fatty tissue: P < .001 BC vs. benign lesions: P = .0012 |
| McKnight | 2002 | 12 (6) | 75–300 | N/A | Volunteer: 3.3 ± 1.9 kPa Patient: mean = 8 kPa; range, 4–16 kPa | Volunteer: 7.5 ± 3.6 kPa | mean Gd = 33 kPa; range, 18–94 kPa | BC vs. fatty tissue: P < .05 |
| Lorenzen | 2003 | 5 (N/a) | 65 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| Van Houten | 2003 | 5 (N/A) | 100 | N/A | E: 17.1–23.5 kPa; λ: 41–29 kPa; ν: 0.35–0.41 | μ: 9.0–10.8 kPa; E: 24.3–30.3 kPa; λ: 44–57 kPa; ν: 0.39–0.40 | N/A | N/A |
| Sinkus | 2005 | 15 (15) | 65 | μ 1.3 ± 0.7 kPa, ς 2.1 ± 1.4 Pa s | N/A | μ 0.87 ± 0.15 kPa; ς 0.55 ± 0.12 Pa s | μ 2.9 ± 0.3 kPa; ς 2.4 ± 1.7 Pas |
BC vs. FA: μ (P < .001); ς N/R BC vs. FGT: μ (P < . 001); ς (P < .02) |
| Sinkus | 2005 | 2 (2) | 65 | FA: μ 1.3 ± 0.7 kPa/ς 2.1 ± 1.4 Pa s mastopathy: μ 1.2 ± 0.4 kPa/ς 0.8 ± 0.3 Pa s | N/A | FGT: μ 0.87 ± 0.15 kPa; ς 0.55 ± 0.12 Pa s | BC: μ 2.9 ± 0.3 kPa; ς 2.4 ± 1.7 Pa s | BC vs. FA (μ): P < .001 BC vs FGT (μ): P < .000 01 |
| Xydeas | 2005 | 20 (17) | 65 | μ 1.4 ± 0.5 kPa; ς 1.7 ± 0,8 Pa s | N/A | FCC: μ 1.7 ± 0.8 kPa; ς 1.7 ± 0.9 Pa s FGT: μ 1.2 ± 0.2 kPa; ς 1.0 ± 0.3 Pa s |
μ 3.1 ± 0.7 kPa; ς 2.1 ± 1.2 Pa s |
N/A |
| Sinkus | 2007 | 68 (68) | 85 | Gd 23.0 ± 1.2 kPa; Gl 3.6 ± 1.2 kPa |
Gd 6.6 ± 0.1 kPa; Gl 0.30 ± 0.1 kPa | Gd 12.0 ± 0.6 kPa; Gl 0.73 ± 0.21 kPa | Gd 17.2 ± 1.7 kPa; Gl 3.8 ± 1.1 kPa |
N/A |
| Siegmann | 2010 | 57 (57) | 85 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| Hawley | 2016 | 22 (N/A) | 60 | N/A | N/A | FGT type A: 0.83 ± 0.11; FGT type B: 0.85 ± 0.11 kPa; FGT type C: 0.92 ± 0.13; FGT type D: 0.96 ± 0.13 kPa | N/A | N/A |
| Balleyguier | 2018 | 43 (43) | 37.5 | Gl 0.33 kPa (range = 0.1–0.97 kPa); y = 0.35 (range = 0.19–0.62) | N/A | N/A | IDC: Gl 0.75 kPa (range = 0.28–2.58 kPa); y = 0.68 (range = 0.47–0.9) ILC: Gl 0.57 kPa (range = 0.38–1.04); y = 0.67 (range = 0.57–0.84) | N/A |
Abbreviations: BC = breast cancer; c = shear wave velocity; E = Young’s modulus; |E| = isotropic elasticity; FA = fibroadenoma; FGT = fibroglandular tissue; Gd = elasticity; Gl = viscosity; N/A = not available; SNR = signal/noise ratio; y = power law exponent; μ = shear modulus; χ = viscosity; λ = Lamé modulus; ν = Poisson’s ratio; α = attenuation.