Table 2:

Incidence and hazard of overdose-related death after release from prison, according to characteristics at release

Variable	Incidence per 1000 person-years (95% CI)	Unadjusted HR (95% CI)	Adjusted HR* (95% CI)
Overall	11.2 (9.2–13.5)	–	–
Age group, yr
18–34	11.2 (8.4–14.6)	Ref.	Ref.
35–44	11.7 (7.8–16.7)	1.06 (0.67–1.66)	0.85 (0.54–1.34)
≥ 45	10.8 (6.9–16.0)	1.04 (0.65–1.66)	0.83 (0.51–1.35)
Sex
Male	10.9 (8.7–13.3)	Ref.	Ref.
Female	13.6 (7.9–21.8)	0.76 (0.45–1.28)	0.98 (0.57–1.68)
Length of most recent incarceration, d
≤ 3	12.1 (8.1–17.5)	Ref.	Ref.
4–15	8.4 (5.4–12.7)	0.67 (0.38–1.16)	0.60 (0.34–1.04)
16–60	14.0 (9.5–19.9)	1.03 (0.62–1.72)	0.80 (0.48–1.34)
> 60	10.9 (7.1–15.9)	0.83 (0.48–1.41)	0.74 (0.43–1.26)
No. of previous incarcerations
1	5.8 (3.6–8.9)	Ref.	Ref.
2–3	10.1 (6.7–14.7)	1.71 (0.97–3.01)	1.28 (0.72–2.28)
4–7	15.7 (10.8–22.1)	2.48 (1.43–4.30)	1.59 (0.90–2.82)
≥ 8	21.4 (14.1–31.1)	3.00 (1.67–5.39)	1.59 (0.86–2.95)
SUD and mental illness
None	4.8 (3.1–7.1)	Ref.	Ref.
SUD	13.5 (7.6–22.3)	2.74 (1.46–5.16)	1.26 (0.64–2.45)
Mental illness	10.8 (5.6–18.9)	2.19 (1.10–4.36)	1.34 (0.66–2.72)
SUD and mental illness	25.0 (18.9–32.5)	4.73 (2.94–7.62)	1.69 (0.97–2.97)
Comorbidity index
0	9.5 (7.6–11.7)	Ref.	Ref.
≥ 1	31.1 (19.9–46.3)	3.10 (1.97–4.88)	1.61 (0.99–2.61)
Dispensed benzodiazepines
No	6.8 (5.0–9.0)	Ref.	Ref.
Yes	24.5 (18.6–31.6)	3.31 (2.27–4.84)	1.41 (0.91–2.18)
Dispensed opioids for pain
No	2.8 (1.5–4.7)	Ref.	Ref.
Yes	20.3 (16.4–24.8)	6.77 (3.86–11.89)	4.01 (2.14–7.52)

Note: CI = confidence interval, HR = hazard ratio, Ref. = reference, SUD = substance use disorder.

^*Adjusted for all other variables in this table.