Table 3:

Incidence and hazard of all-cause death after release from prison, according to characteristics at release

Variable	Incidence per 1000 person-years (95% CI)	Unadjusted HR (95% CI)	Adjusted HR* (95% CI)
Overall	16.1 (13.7–18.8)	–	–
Age group, yr
18–34	14.4 (11.3–18.2)	Ref.	Ref.
35–44	15.3 (10.8–21.0)	1.10 (0.74–1.63)	0.89 (0.59–1.33)
≥ 45	20.6 (15.1–27.5)	1.60 (1.11–2.30)	1.23 (0.84–1.82)
Sex
Male	16.0 (13.4–18.9)	Ref.	Ref.
Female	16.8 (10.4–25.7)	0.94 (0.59–1.49)	1.14 (0.70–1.86)
Length of most recent incarceration, d
≤ 3	16.9 (12.0–23.1)	Ref.	Ref.
4–15	12.9 (9.0–17.9)	0.74 (0.46–1.16)	0.64 (0.40–1.03)
16–60	19.9 (14.5–26.7)	1.13 (0.74–1.72)	0.85 (0.55–1.31)
> 60	15.5 (10.9–21.3)	0.87 (0.55–1.36)	0.74 (0.47–1.17)
No. of previous incarcerations
1	8.3 (5.6–11.9)	Ref.	Ref.
2–3	15.0 (10.7–20.4)	1.86 (1.16–2.97)	1.43 (0.88–2.30)
4–7	21.9 (16.0–29.2)	2.55 (1.60–4.06)	1.68 (1.04–2.73)
≥ 8	30.9 (22.0–42.2)	3.32 (2.03–5.43)	1.83 (1.09–3.08)
SUD and mental illness
None	7.5 (5.4–10.3)	Ref.	Ref.
SUD	20.8 (13.2–31.2)	2.66 (1.61–4.42)	1.20 (0.70–2.07)
Mental illness	16.3 (9.6–25.7)	2.01 (1.15–3.52)	1.21 (0.67–2.16)
SUD and mental illness	33.5 (26.3–42.0)	4.03 (2.73–5.94)	1.47 (0.93–2.35)
Comorbidity index
0	12.9 (10.6–15.5)	Ref.	Ref.
≥ 1	53.2 (38.2–72.1)	3.87 (2.69–5.57)	2.03 (1.37–3.02)
Dispensed benzodiazepines
No	10.4 (8.2–13.0)	Ref.	Ref.
Yes	33.2 (26.3–41.3)	3.00 (2.19–4.11)	1.26 (0.87–1.82)
Dispensed opioids for pain
No	4.4 (2.8–6.7)	Ref.	Ref.
Yes	28.7 (24.0–34.0)	6.07 (3.89–9.48)	3.67 (2.22–6.07)

Note: CI = confidence interval, HR = hazard ratio, Ref. = reference, SUD = substance use disorder.

^*Adjusted for all other variables in this table.