Table 1.

Inhibitory effects of Wnt5a during CRC development.

Factor	Wnt5a expression level	Wnt5a function	Mechanism	CRC sample type	Reference
Methylation	Low	Tumor suppressor	Stimulation of tumor cell clonogenicity by upregulation of β-catenin and overactivation of Wnt β-catenin signaling	CRC cell lines	[44]
Ectopic model	High	Tumor suppressor	Inhibition of cell proliferation and metastasis via suppression of EMT, Wnt canonical, and overactivation of Wnt/Ca2+ signaling	HCT116	[45]
Unmethylation	High	Tumor suppressor	Increasing inhibitory effect of 5-FU	LoVo, SW480, HCT116, and SW620	[46]
Vitamin D intake	High	Tumor suppressor	Inhibition of cell proliferation through enhancing levels of Wnt5a methylation	Tissue	[47]
Genistein	High	Tumor suppressor	Suppression of cell proliferation via reducing levels of CpG island methylation of Wnt5a	SW1116	[48]
Trichostatin A (TSA)/sodium butyrate (NaBt)	High	Tumor suppressor	Stimulation of levels of Wnt5a expression by decreasing acetylation levels of histones including H3Ac, H4Ac, and H3K4me2	SW620 and SW480	[49]
EZH2	Low	Tumor suppressor	Enhancing cell proliferation via hypermethylation of Wnt5a promotes H3K27 and overactivation of TGF-β signaling	SW480	[50]
Recombinant Wnt5a (rWnt5a)/Foxy-5	High	Tumor suppressor	Inhibition of cell proliferation and stimulation of cell differentiation by overexpression of 15-PGDH and inactivation of Wnt β-catenin	HT-29 and Caco-2	[51]
CaSR	High	Tumor suppressor	Suppression of cell proliferation via inactivation of Wnt β-catenin and overexpression of Ror2 and Siah-2	HT-29	[52]
LPS	High	Tumor suppressor	Reduction of TNF-α-induced Wnt3a signaling via decreasing expression levels of TNFR1 and increasing CaSR and Ror2	CaSR-HEK, RAW264.7, and HT-29	[53]
miR-567-5p	Low	Tumor suppressor	Stimulation of cell proliferation by upregulation of β-catenin and downregulation of Wnt5a	SW480	[55]
pcDNA-Wnt5a/XAV939 inhibitor	High	Tumor suppressor	Inhibition of cell viability, migration, and invasion through suppression of miR-567-5p activity and inactivation of Wnt β-catenin signaling	SW480	[55]
miR-26b	Low	Tumor suppressor	Stimulation of CRC cells metastasis via enhancing EMT and downregulation of Wnt5a and PTEN	Caco-2, DLD1	[56]
Methylation	Low	Tumor suppressor	Increasing MSI tumors features	Tissue	[57]
DNMT1	Low	Tumor suppressor	Enhancing tumor stage	Tissue	[58]