Table 1.
Characteristics of participants in the cross-sectional study by level of famine exposure, BMI, and central obesity (N = 12945).
| Characteristics | Famine exposure | χ2/F | P | BMI | χ2/F | P | Central obesity | χ2/t | P | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No-exposed | Fetal-exposed | Childhood-exposed | Adolescence/adult-exposed | Underweight and normal | Overweight | Obesity | Normal | Obesity | |||||||
| N | 1934 | 1548 | 5101 | 4362 | 7734 | 3746 | 1465 | 7600 | 5345 | ||||||
| Age | 46.75 ± 1.07 | 50.26 ± 1.17 | 57.54 ± 2.78 | 70.22 ± 5.90 | 21351.166 | <0.001 | 60.38 ± 9.78 | 57.88 ± 8.77 | 57.47 ± 8.78 | 121.799 | <0.001 | 59.45 ± 9.57 | 59.15 ± 9.35 | 1.773 | 0.076 |
| Sex | |||||||||||||||
| Male | 802 (41.47) | 676 (43.67) | 2448 (47.99) | 2233 (51.19) | 61.618 | <0.001 | 4088 (52.86) | 1572 (41.96) | 499 (34.06) | 241.067 | <0.001 | 4320 (56.84) | 1839 (34.41) | 633.337 | <0.001 |
| Female | 1132 (58.53) | 872 (56.33) | 2653 (52.01) | 2129 (48.81) | 3646 (47.14) | 2174 (58.04) | 966 (65.94) | 3280 (43.16) | 3506 (65.59) | ||||||
| Education | |||||||||||||||
| Illiterate | 210 (10.86) | 263 (16.99) | 1442 (28.27) | 1689 (38.72) | 1102.252 | <0.001 | 2282 (29.51) | 933 (24.91) | 389 (26.55) | 75.386 | <0.001 | 2037 (26.8) | 1567 (29.32) | 29.604 | <0.001 |
| Less than elementary school | 1452 (75.08) | 926 (59.82) | 3163 (62.01) | 2398 (54.97) | 4742 (61.31) | 2296 (61.29) | 901 (61.50) | 4776 (62.84) | 3163 (59.18) | ||||||
| High school | 190 (9.82) | 293 (18.93) | 364 (7.14) | 63 (1.44) | 477 (6.17) | 326 (8.70) | 107 (7.30) | 541 (7.12) | 369 (6.9) | ||||||
| Above vocational school | 82 (4.24) | 66 (4.26) | 132 (2.59) | 212 (4.86) | 233 (3.01) | 191 (5.10) | 68 (4.64) | 246 (3.24) | 246 (4.6) | ||||||
| Marital status | |||||||||||||||
| Single | 68 (3.52) | 93 (6.01) | 427 (8.37) | 1065 (24.42) | 831.933 | <0.001 | 1148 (14.84) | 356 (9.50) | 149 (10.17) | 74.624 | <0.001 | 986 (12.97) | 667 (12.48) | 0.690 | 0.406 |
| Married | 1866 (96.48) | 1455 (93.99) | 4674 (91.63) | 3297 (75.58) | 6586 (85.16) | 3390 (90.50) | 1316 (89.83) | 6614 (87.03) | 4678 (87.52) | ||||||
| Living place | |||||||||||||||
| Rural | 1178 (60.91) | 961 (62.08) | 3228 (63.28) | 2790 (63.96) | 6.090 | 0.107 | 5299 (68.52) | 2103 (56.14) | 755 (51.54) | 259.203 | <0.001 | 5218 (68.66) | 2939 (54.99) | 251.674 | <0.001 |
| Urban | 756 (39.09) | 587 (37.92) | 1873 (36.72) | 1572 (36.04) | 2435 (31.48) | 1643 (43.86) | 710 (48.46) | 2382 (31.34) | 2406 (45.01) | ||||||
| Smoking status | |||||||||||||||
| No | 1302 (67.32) | 981 (63.37) | 2998 (58.77) | 2467 (56.56) | 174.199 | <0.001 | 4209 (54.42) | 2479 (66.18) | 1060 (72.35) | 359.354 | <0.001 | 4002 (52.66) | 3746 (70.08) | 495.644 | <0.001 |
| Former smoker | 111 (5.74) | 76 (4.91) | 426 (8.35) | 564 (12.93) | 647 (8.37) | 383 (10.22) | 147 (10.03) | 667 (8.78) | 510 (9.54) | ||||||
| Current smoker | 521 (26.94) | 491 (31.72) | 1677 (32.88) | 1331 (30.51) | 2878 (37.21) | 884 (23.6) | 258 (17.61) | 2931 (38.57) | 1089 (20.37) | ||||||
| Drinking status | |||||||||||||||
| No | 1272 (65.77) | 1001 (64.66) | 3369 (66.05) | 3042 (69.74) | 35.519 | <0.001 | 4963 (64.17) | 2620 (69.94) | 1101 (75.15) | 94.448 | <0.001 | 4751 (62.51) | 3933 (73.58) | 180.725 | <0.001 |
| Less than once a month | 179 (9.26) | 158 (10.21) | 405 (7.94) | 292 (6.69) | 640 (8.28) | 285 (7.61) | 109 (7.44) | 656 (8.63) | 378 (7.07) | ||||||
| More than once a month | 483 (24.97) | 389 (25.13) | 1327 (26.01) | 1028 (23.57) | 2131 (27.55) | 841 (22.45) | 255 (17.41) | 2193 (28.86) | 1034 (19.35) | ||||||
| Eating habit | |||||||||||||||
| ≤2 meals per day | 272 (14.06) | 203 (13.11) | 585 (11.47) | 652 (14.95) | 37.603 | <0.001 | 1157 (14.96) | 407 (10.86) | 148 (10.10) | 73.602 | <0.001 | 1101 (14.49) | 611 (11.43) | 39.126 | <0.001 |
| 3 meals per day | 1643 (84.95) | 1328 (85.79) | 4414 (86.53) | 3642 (83.49) | 6425 (83.07) | 3294 (87.93) | 1308 (89.28) | 6354 (83.61) | 4673 (87.43) | ||||||
| ≥4 meals per day | 19 (0.98) | 17 (1.10) | 102 (2) | 68 (1.56) | 152 (1.97) | 45 (1.20) | 9 (0.61) | 145 (1.91) | 61 (1.14) | ||||||
| Social events | |||||||||||||||
| No | 844 (43.64) | 683 (44.12) | 2597 (50.91) | 2313 (53.03) | 69.975 | <0.001 | 4085 (52.82) | 1715 (45.78) | 637 (43.48) | 75.751 | <0.001 | 3931 (51.72) | 2506 (46.88) | 29.390 | <0.001 |
| Yes | 1090 (56.36) | 865 (55.88) | 2504 (49.09) | 2049 (46.97) | 3649 (47.18) | 2031 (54.22) | 828 (56.52) | 3669 (48.28) | 2839 (53.12) | ||||||
| Experience of traumatic events | |||||||||||||||
| No | 1743 (90.12) | 1396 (90.18) | 4579 (89.77) | 3959 (90.76) | 2.651 | 0.449 | 6947 (89.82) | 3379 (90.20) | 1351 (92.22) | 7.991 | 0.018 | 6798 (89.45) | 4879 (91.28) | 11.948 | 0.001 |
| Yes | 191 (9.88) | 152 (9.82) | 522 (10.23) | 403 (9.24) | 787 (10.18) | 367 (9.80) | 114 (7.78) | 802 (10.55) | 466 (8.72) | ||||||
| Physical exercise habit | |||||||||||||||
| No physical exercise | 1187 (61.38) | 919 (59.37) | 3132 (61.40) | 2793 (64.03) | 18.363 | 0.005 | 4806 (62.14) | 2293 (61.21) | 932 (63.62) | 13.830 | 0.008 | 4710 (61.97) | 3321 (62.13) | 6.259 | 0.044 |
| Less than regular physical exercises | 389 (20.11) | 321 (20.74) | 973 (19.07) | 745 (17.08) | 1504 (19.45) | 679 (18.13) | 245 (16.72) | 1471 (19.36) | 957 (17.90) | ||||||
| Regular physical exercises | 358 (18.51) | 308 (19.90) | 996 (19.53) | 824 (18.89) | 1424 (18.41) | 774 (20.66) | 288 (19.66) | 1419 (18.67) | 1067 (19.96) | ||||||