Table 3.
Separate associations of famine exposure, BMI, and central obesity with the prevalence of hypertension (N = 12945).
| Variables | Male (OR and 95% CI for hypertension) | Female (OR and 95% CI for hypertension) | Total (OR and 95% CI for hypertension) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Famine exposure | Model onea | Model twob | Model threec | Model onea | Model twob | Model threec | Model onea | Model twob | Model threec |
| No-exposed | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
| Fetal-exposed | 1.28 (1.01, 1.63) | 1.33 (1.04, 1.69) | 1.31 (1.03, 1.67) | 1.24 (1.00, 1.53) | 1.22 (0.98, 1.51) | 1.23 (0.99, 1.53) | 1.26 (1.07, 1.48) | 1.27 (1.08, 1.49) | 1.27 (1.08, 1.49) |
| Childhood-exposed | 1.47 (1.22, 1.78) | 1.59 (1.32, 1.93) | 1.59 (1.31, 1.93) | 1.69 (1.43, 2.00) | 1.66 (1.40, 1.97) | 1.67 (1.41, 1.99) | 1.60 (1.41, 1.81) | 1.65 (1.45, 1.88) | 1.64 (1.44, 1.87) |
| Adolescence/adult-exposed | 2.18 (1.80, 2.63) | 2.46 (2.02, 2.98) | 2.52 (2.07, 3.07) | 3.87 (3.27, 4.59) | 3.82 (3.19, 4.59) | 3.83 (3.19, 4.60) | 2.93 (2.58, 3.32) | 3.09 (2.71, 3.53) | 3.06 (2.68, 3.50) |
| P for trend | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Famine exposure | Model twod | Model threee | Model twod | Model threee | Model twod | Model threee | |||
| No-exposed | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | |||
| Fetal-exposed | 1.30 (1.02, 1.66) | 1.28 (1.01, 1.64) | 1.20 (0.96, 1.49) | 1.21 (0.97, 1.50) | 1.25 (1.06, 1.47) | 1.25 (1.06, 1.47) | |||
| Childhood-exposed | 1.52 (1.26, 1.85) | 1.51 (1.25, 1.84) | 1.52 (1.28, 1.81) | 1.53 (1.29, 1.82) | 1.53 (1.34, 1.74) | 1.52 (1.34, 1.73) | |||
| Adolescence/adult-exposed | 2.24 (1.85, 2.72) | 2.28 (1.88, 2.77) | 3.23 (2.69, 3.87) | 3.24 (2.70, 3.89) | 2.68 (2.35, 3.05) | 2.66 (2.33, 3.03) | |||
| P for trend | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||
| BMI | Model onea | Model twof | Model threeg | Model onea | Model twof | Model threeg | Model onea | Model twof | Model threeg |
| Underweight and normal | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
| Overweight | 1.68 (1.49, 1.90) | 1.83 (1.61, 2.08) | 1.88 (1.66, 2.14) | 1.39 (1.24, 1.56) | 1.61 (1.43, 1.82) | 1.62 (1.44, 1.82) | 1.52 (1.40, 1.65) | 1.71 (1.57, 1.86) | 1.75 (1.60, 1.91) |
| Obesity | 2.47 (2.05, 2.99) | 2.78 (2.29, 3.38) | 2.88 (2.36, 3.50) | 2.23 (1.93, 2.58) | 2.68 (2.30, 3.12) | 2.67 (2.29, 3.12) | 2.34 (2.09, 2.63) | 2.72 (2.41, 3.06) | 2.79 (2.48, 3.15) |
| P for trend | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Central obesity | Model onea | Model twof | Model threeg | Model onea | Model twof | Model threeg | Model onea | Model twof | Model threeg |
| Normal | 1.00(reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
| Obesity | 2.11 (1.88, 2.37) | 1.32 (1.24, 1.40) | 1.33 (1.25, 1.41) | 2.02 (1.82, 2.24) | 1.51 (1.42, 1.60) | 1.51 (1.42, 1.60) | 2.02 (1.88, 2.18) | 1.42 (1.37, 1.48) | 1.42 (1.36, 1.48) |
BMI: body mass index; WC: waist circle; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; SBP: systolic blood pressure; OR: odds ratios; CI: confidence interval. (1) In model one: aunadjusted, age-adjusted by design. (2) In model two: badjusted for age, education, marital status, living place, and BMI; dadjusted for age, education, marital status, living place, and WC; fadjusted for age, education, marital status, living place, and famine exposure. (3) In model three: cadjusted for age, education, marital status, living place, smoking status, drinking status, eating habit, social activities, the experience of traumatic events, taking physical activity or exercise, and BMI; eadjusted for age, education, marital status, living place, smoking status, drinking status, eating habit, social activities, the experience of traumatic events, taking physical activity or exercise, and WC; gadjusted for age, education, marital status, living place, smoking status, drinking status, eating habit, social activities, the experience of traumatic events, taking physical activity or exercise, and famine exposure.