Table 2.
Clinical characteristics of patients in the follow-up analysis divided by tertiles of baPWV.
| T1 baPWV | T2 baPWV | T3 baPWV | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| (n = 219) | (n = 218) | (n = 226) | ||
| Age (years) | 43.6 ± 11.1 | 51.6 ± 10.3 | 58.5 ± 9.0 | <0.001∗ |
| Gender (male/female) | 148/71 | 123/95 | 115/111 | 0.001∗ |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 27.1 ± 4.4 | 26.7 ± 4.1 | 26.4 ± 3.4 | 0.202 |
| Current smoker (n, %) | 65 (29.7%) | 56 (25.7%) | 41 (18.2%) | 0.017∗ |
| Alcohol consumption (n, %) | 35 (16.0%) | 37 (17.0%) | 41 (18.2%) | 0.821 |
| Hypertension (n, %) | 64 (29.2%) | 125 (57.3%) | 171 (75.7%) | <0.001∗ |
| Systolic BP (mmHg) | 122.1 ± 12.6 | 131.6 ± 15.4 | 140.2 ± 17.0 | <0.001∗ |
| Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 77.2 ± 10.0 | 80.1 ± 10.8 | 81.1 ± 12.5 | 0.001∗ |
| Antihypertensive drugs | 39 (17.8%) | 76 (34.9%) | 114 (50.9%) | <0.001∗ |
| History of CVD (n, %) | 24 (11.0%) | 27 (12.4%) | 35 (15.5%) | 0.382 |
| Duration of T2DM (months) | 36.0 (1.0, 76.5) | 63.5 (15.8, 148.0) | 109.0 (38.00, 167.0) | <0.001∗ |
| HbA1c (%) | 9.0 ± 2.5 | 8.4 ± 2.1 | 8.6 ± 1.9 | 0.020∗ |
| Fasting serum glucose (mmol/L) | 9.6 ± 3.9 | 9.2 ± 4.0 | 9.9 ± 4.1 | 0.208 |
| Fasting C-peptide (ng/mL) | 2.14 ± 1.02 | 2.13 ± 1.14 | 2.31 ± 1.10 | 0.149 |
| Hyperlipidemia (n, %) | 154 (70.3%) | 146 (67.0%) | 167 (73.9%) | 0.355 |
| Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 1.65 (1.10, 2.52) | 1.54 (1.06, 2.50) | 1.59 (1.09, 2.33) | 0.465 |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 4.80 ± 1.12 | 4.81 ± 1.38 | 4.79 ± 1.08 | 0.983 |
| HDL-c (mmol/L) | 1.16 ± 0.28 | 1.19 ± 0.25 | 1.20 ± 0.28 | 0.237 |
| LDL-c (mmol/L) | 3.06 ± 0.86 | 3.04 ± 0.89 | 3.03 ± 0.85 | 0.944 |
| Drugs for hyperlipidemia | 58 (26.5%) | 60 (27.5%) | 72 (31.9%) | 0.477 |
| ALT (U/L) | 32.8 ± 25.6 | 27.2 ± 19.7 | 28.0 ± 19.6 | 0.016∗ |
| AST (U/L) | 21.9 ± 11.9 | 20.0 ± 9.0 | 21.3 ± 12.0 | 0.209 |
| Creatinine (μmol/L) | 68.0 ± 14.0 | 67.2 ± 17.3 | 68.8 ± 15.4 | 0.552 |
| Urea nitrogen (mmol/L) | 4.78 ± 1.29 | 4.99 ± 1.66 | 5.51 ± 1.47 | <0.001∗ |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 107.4 ± 16.3 | 100.8 ± 16.7 | 93.4 ± 14.5 | <0.001∗ |
| Uric acid (μmol/L) | 334.6 ± 97.6 | 324.6 ± 86.3 | 326.9 ± 83.6 | 0.479 |
| Albuminuria | 0.002∗ | |||
| Normoalbuminuria (n, %) | 169 (80.1%) | 159 (76.4%) | 139 (63.2%) | |
| Microalbuminuria (n, %) | 35 (16.6%) | 42 (20.2%) | 70 (31.8%) | |
| Macroalbuminuria (n, %) | 7 (3.3%) | 7 (3.4%) | 11 (5.0%) | |
| baPWV (m/s) | 12.29 ± 0.94 | 14.74 ± 0.65 | 18.43 ± 2.25 | <0.001∗ |
| Newly onset or progression of DR (n, %) | 26 (11.9%) | 41 (18.7%) | 44 (19.6%) | 0.052 |
Continuous variables are shown as mean ± S.D. for parametric data or median (interquartile ranges) for nonparametric data. Categorical variables are expressed as numbers and percentages. Abbreviations: BP: blood pressure; CVD: cardiovascular disease; HbA1c: hemoglobin A1c; HDL-c: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-c: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; ALT: alanine aminotransferase; AST: aspartate aminotransferase; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; baPWV: brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity; DR: diabetic retinopathy. ∗ indicates the difference among the three groups reaching significance.