Fig. 1.
Hallmarks of cellular senescence. Senescence is triggered in response to a variety of stimuli, with senescent cells acquiring phenotypes derived from changes in morphology, the nucleus and the cytoplasm. B2M, β2 microglobulin; BCL‐2, B‐cell lymphoma 2; CCF, cytoplasmic chromatin fragment; DPP4, dipeptidyl‐peptidase 4; MMPs, matrix metalloproteinases; ROS, reactive oxygen species; SAβG, senescence‐associated β‐galactosidase; SAHF, senescence‐associated heterochromatin foci; SASP, senescence‐associated secretory phenotype.