Table 2.
Summary of novel & potential inventions for senescence detection in cancer. γH2AX, phosphorylation of the Ser‐139 residue of the histone variant H2AX; B2M, β2 microglobulin; HGMB1, high mobility group box‐1; nanoMIP, molecularly imprinted nanoparticles; NB, Nile blue; NIR, near‐infrared; NP, nanoparticle; PET, positron emission tomography; SAβG, senescence‐associated β‐galactosidase; SBB, Sudan Black B.
| Type | Markers | Method of detection | Application |
|---|---|---|---|
| Histochemical, cytochemical and flow cytometry |
SAβG activity Ki67, HGMB1, γH2AX |
ImageStreamX (flow cytometry and image analysis) | In vitro & in vivo [201] |
| Lipofuscin accumulation |
SBB with biotin conjugation
|
In vitro & in vivo [67] | |
| Senoprobe | SAβG activity |
NIR fluorescent probes
|
In vitro [220] In vivo [221] |
| SAβG activity |
Two‐photon fluorescence probe
|
In vitro [223] In vitro & in vivo [224] |
|
| Nanoparticle | SAβG activity | GosNPs | In vitro [210] |
| SAβG activity | GalNPs | In vitro & in vivo [99] | |
| SAβG activity | S3 (GalNPs with NIR dye NB) | In vitro & in vivo [211] | |
|
SAβG activity CD9 receptor |
CD9‐Lac/CaCO3 NPs | In vitro [215] | |
| B2M epitope | B2M nanoMIPs | In vitro & in vivo [216] | |
| PET probe | SAβG activity | PET tracer – [18F]FPyGal |
In vitro & in vivo First‐in‐man [229] |
| Liquid biopsy | DNA methylation | Genome‐wide DNA methylation analysis |
In vitro & in vivo [235] In vitro & in vivo (human samples) [236] |