Table 1.
Demographic characteristics, clinical characteristics and lifestyle habits by bone status (% within group).
| Risk factor | Whole group (n = 1800) | Normal1 (n = 287) | Osteopenia, low risk2 (n = 597) | Osteopenia, high risk3 (n = 489) | Osteoporosis4 (n = 427) | P-value (Groups 1&2 vs 3&4) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean age, yr (SD) | 69.4 (4.2) | 69.1 (3.8) | 67.5 (2.3) | 71.1 (4.4) | 70.1 (5.0) | < 0.001 |
| Mean menopause age, yr (SD) | 50.8 (4.5) | 51.6 (4.3) | 50.8 (4.0) | 50.7 (4.7) | 50.3 (4.8) | 0.027 |
| Mean duration of menopause, yr (SD) | 18.5 (6.2) | 17.5 (5.9) | 16.7 (4.6) | 20.3 (6.6) | 19.8 (7.1) | < 0.001 |
| Parental hip fracture | 195 (10.8%) | 38 (13.2%) | 31 (5.2%) | 79 (16.2%) | 47 (11%) | < 0.001 |
| Had osteoporosis related fracture after menopause | 113 (6.3%) | 6 (2.1%) | 18 (3.0%) | 56 (11.5%) | 39 (9.1%) | < 0.001 |
| Body mass index < 18.5 kg/m2 | 69 (3.8%) | 2 (0.7%) | 14 (2.3%) | 9 (1.8%) | 44 (10.3%) | < 0.001 |
| Have medical disease(s) associated with osteoporosis | 271 (15.1%) | 54 (18.8%) | 83 (13.9%) | 84 (17.2%) | 50 (11.7%) | 0.606 |
| Taken drug that causes BMD loss | 264 (14.7%) | 41 (14.3%) | 73 (12.2%) | 84 (17.2%) | 66 (15.5%) | 0.037 |
| Had one or more falls in past 2 years | 521 (28.9%) | 78 (27.2%) | 169 (28.3%) | 143 (29.2%) | 131 (30.7%) | 0.377 |
| Daily calcium intake | ||||||
| < 600 mg | 874 (48.6%) | 135 (47.0%) | 302 (50.6%) | 234 (47.9%) | 203 (47.6%) | 0.761 |
| 600- < 800 mg | 312 (17.3%) | 52 (18.1%) | 102 (17.1%) | 84 (17.2%) | 74 (17.3%) | |
| 800- < 1200 mg | 505 (28.1%) | 80 (27.9%) | 164 (27.5%) | 141 (28.8%) | 120 (28.1%) | |
| 1200 mg or more | 109 (6.1%) | 20 (7.0%) | 29 (4.9%) | 30 (6.1%) | 30 (7.0%) | |
| Less than 20 min of walking or Tai Chi or stretching exercise daily | 113 (6.3%) | 20 (7.0%) | 39 (6.5%) | 30 (6.1%) | 24 (5.6%) | 0.496 |
| Less than 20 min of sun exposure daily | 609 (33.8%) | 104 (36.2%) | 204 (34.2%) | 157 (32.1%) | 144 (33.7%) | 0.374 |
| Smoke 20 or more cigarettes daily | 7 (0.4%) | 1 (0.3%) | 2 (0.3%) | 2 (0.4%) | 2 (0.5%) | 0.740 |
| Drink 3 units of alcohol daily | 1 (0.06%) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | – |