Table 1.

Summary of some bioactive compounds with their mechanisms

Bioactive	Food	In vitro properties	Mechanism
Curcumin	Curcuma longa (turmeric)	Anti-oxidant,anti-fibrosis, and anti-inflammation	Good binding affinity toward the main protease; inhibit aminopeptidase; reduction of AT1 and AT2 receptors; decrease macrophage population
Kaempferol	Cabbage, spinach, dill, beans	Anti-cancer, anti-oxidant, and anti-inflammatory	The affinity of binding with ACE-2; inhibit ion channel receptor and regulation of T-cell receptor
Quercetin	Onion, tea, grape, Hypericum perforatum	Anti-oxidant, anti-viral, and anti-inflammatory	Affinity against ACE-2 and protease
Apigenin	Celery, oranges, parsley, Matricaria chamomilla	Anti-hyperglycemic, anti-oxidant, anti-viral, and anti-inflammatory	Reduction of COX-2; decreasing interleukin-6 level; target ACE-2

AT1, angiotensin II type 1; AT2, angiotensin II type 2; ACE-2, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2; COX-2, cyclooxygenase-2