Table 2.
Factors associated with BPG prophylaxis adherence in quantitative survey participants
| Variable | Unadjusted analysis | Adjusted analysis | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Odds ratio | P value | Odds ratio | P value | |
| Age (per year)a | 0.98 (0.97–1.00) | 0.020* | 0.973 (0.952–0.995)b | 0.015 |
| Female gender (Ref male) | 1.94 (1.14–3.29) | 0.014* | ^ | ^ |
| Employment status | ||||
| Employed | Reference | Reference | ||
| Unemployed | 0.90 (0.45–1.82) | 0.770 | ||
| Homemaker | 1.37 (0.81–2.34) | 0.243 | ^ | ^ |
| Student | 0.96 (0.31–2.97) | 0.946 | ||
| Household monthly income | ||||
| < 2000 SDG (Sudanese Pound) | Reference | Reference | ||
| 2000–3999 SDG | 2.02 (1.26–3.25) | 0.004* | ^ | ^ |
| 4000–7999 SDG | 0.66 (0.21–2.06) | 0.475 | ^ | ^ |
| > 8000 SDG | - | - | - | - |
| Educational level | ||||
| No formal schooling | Reference | Reference | ||
| Primary School | 1.25 (0.73–2.13) | 0.412 | ^ | ^ |
| Secondary School | 1.45 (0.80–2.65) | 0.222 | ^ | ^ |
| University | 2.15 (1.07–4.30) | 0.032* | ^ | ^ |
| # of People in Householda | 1.00 (0.94–1.07) | 0.931 | ^ | ^ |
| # of Rooms in Householda | 1.14 (0.99–1.32) | 0.069 | ^ | ^ |
| Urban/rural residence | ||||
| Rural | Reference | Reference | ||
| Urban | 1.20 (0.78–1.87) | 0.409 | ^ | ^ |
| Suburban | 0.36 (0.14–0.90) | 0.028* | ^ | ^ |
| Insured status (Ref uninsured) | 0.90 (0.56–1.44) | 0.658 | ^ | ^ |
| History of carditis (self-reported)c | 1.36 (0.86–2.15) | 0.189 | ^ | ^ |
| History of heart valve surgery | 1.25 (0.82–1.90) | 0.308 | ^ | ^ |
| Distance to healthcare facility in kma | 0.997 (0.994–1.000) | 0.051 | ^ | ^ |
| Wait-time at healthcare facility (per minute)a | 0.997 (0.994–0.999) | 0.004* | 0.995 (0.992–0.999)b | 0.006 |
| Perceived adequate staffing at healthcare facility (ref inadequate staffing) | 2.07 (1.16–3.71) | 0.014* | 3.47 (1.48–8.17)b | 0.004 |
| Transportation costsa | 0.999 (0.997–1.001) | 0.469 | ^ | ^ |
| Treatment costs (per Sudanese Pound)a | 1.013 (1.002–1.025) | 0.022* | 1.015 (1.002–1.028)b | 0.025 |
| Reported primary barrier to treatment | ||||
| None listed | Reference | Reference | ||
| Cost of medicine/treatment | 0.60 (0.23–1.56) | 0.293 | ^ | ^ |
| Cost of travel to receive care | 0.47 (0.15–1.45) | 0.188 | ^ | ^ |
| Distance to nearest healthcare facility | 0.61 (0.20–1.86) | 0.387 | ^ | ^ |
| Fear of injection pain | 0.38 (0.10–1.40) | 0.145 | ^ | ^ |
| Lack of understanding of RHD | 0.22 (0.08–0.56) | 0.002* | 0.32 (0.16–0.62)b | 0.001 |
a Continuous variable
b Adjusted for age, treatment costs, and wait-time at healthcare facility
c History of carditis was self-reported with clinical expertise assistance from research team members
*p value < 0.05 in unadjusted analysis
^ Excluded from final model by variable selection procedure
- Insufficient data for regression
Unadjusted and adjusted odds ratios for factors associated with BPG prophylaxis in a cohort of 397 patients with RHD who completed a quantitative survey in Khartoum, Sudan