Table 4.
Logistic Regression Results of Relationship Between COVID-19 Infection and Veterans’ Characteristics, Men, March 1, 2020, to August 5, 2020 (n = 316,380)
| Model 1 OR (95% CI) | Model 2 OR (95% CI) | Model 3 OR (95% CI) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Race/ethnicity | |||
| White | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) |
| AI/AN | 1.46 (1.21–1.77) | 1.46 (1.21–1.76) | 1.30 (1.09–1.55) |
| Asian | 1.13 (0.87–1.48) | 1.03 (0.79–1.33) | 0.88 (0.70–1.11) |
| Black | 2.08 (1.88–2.31) | 2.13 (1.93–2.36) | 1.82 (1.64–2.01) |
| Hispanic | 2.34 (1.68–3.27) | 2.24 (1.60–3.15) | 2.03 (1.73–2.38) |
| NH/OPI | 1.34 (1.10–1.65) | 1.31 (1.07–1.61) | 1.17 (0.97–1.42) |
| Multiracial | 1.21 (1.03–1.42) | 1.18 (1.01–1.39) | 1.06 (0.90–1.26) |
| Age | |||
| <40 years | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| 40–54 years | 0.96 (0.90–1.02) | 0.98 (0.92–1.04) | |
| 55–64 years | 0.73 (0.68–0.79) | 0.75 (0.70–0.80) | |
| 65–79 years | 0.77 (0.70–0.85) | 0.78 (0.71–0.86) | |
| ≥80 years | 1.17 (0.99–1.39) | 1.20 (1.03–1.38) | |
| Individual SES/service-connected disability | |||
| High individual-level SES | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| Low individual-level SES | 0.75 (0.71–0.79) | 0.74 (0.71–0.78) | |
| Service-connected disability | 0.92 (0.87–0.97) | 0.92 (0.88–0.97) | |
| Employment status | |||
| Not employed | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| Employed | 1.15 (1.09–1.21) | 1.17 (1.12–1.23) | |
| Retired | 0.95 (0.87–1.05) | 1.02 (0.95–1.09) | |
| Unknown | 1.07 (0.96–1.19) | 1.09 (0.997–1.20) | |
| CDC comorbidity status | |||
| None | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| ≥1 comorbidities | 0.90 (0.86–0.95) | 0.91 (0.86–0.95) | |
| Missing | 1.09 (0.999–1.19) | 1.08 (0.98–1.19) | |
| Time period | |||
| March–May | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| June–August | 0.71 (0.56–0.90) | 0.70 (0.55–0.87) | |
| SVI | |||
| Residential SES | 1.29 (0.79–2.10) | ||
| Household composition/disability | 1.33 (0.85–2.07) | ||
| Minoritized status/non-English speakers | 2.86 (2.08–3.92) | ||
Abbreviations: AI/AN, American Indian and Alaska Native; CDC, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; CI, confidence interval; NH/OPI, Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander; OR, odds ratio; SES, socioeconomic status; SVI, Social Vulnerability Index.
Model 1: bivariate associations with race/ethnicity; Model 2: further adjusted for age, individual-level SES, employment status, comorbidities; Model 3: further adjusted for Social Vulnerability Indices for the SES, household composition, and minoritized status domains. All models clustered standard errors at the VA facility level. Bold denotes statistical significance at p < .05.