Fig. 7. Increased CCL5 informs poor therapeutic efficacy of TMZ and worse outcome of GBM patients.

a Therapeutic response of TMZ in two representative GBM patients with high or low CCL5 expression. Representative MRI, immunofluorescence staining of CD146 (red) and CCL5 (green) and PFS were shown. Tumor border was marked by red dotted lines in enhanced T1 image (T1c) of MRI. Patients with low CCL5/pericyte proportion benefit more from TMZ treatment relative to those with high CCL5/pericyte proportion. Scale bars, 50 μm. b, c Correlation analysis of CCL5 level (b) or CD146 level (c) and PFS of glioma patients (n = 28). High level of CCL5 or CD146 indicates rapid glioma recurrence. d Therapeutic response to TMZ in glioma patients with high or low CCL5 expression (n = 28). Therapeutic responses were evaluated by the Response Assessment in Neuro-Oncology (RANO) standard. CR, complete response; PR, partial response; PD, progressive disease; SD, stable disease. e Expression patterns of CCL5, CCR5 and pericyte markers ACTA2, MCAM, PDGFRB and DES in human gliomas with different molecular signatures using the TCGA pan-glioma (GBM-LGG) dataset (n = 669). Codel, co-deletion of chromosomes 1p and 19q; G-CIMP, glioma-CpG island methylator phenotype (CpG, C-phosphate-G); PA-like, pilocytic astrocytoma-like; LGm6-glioblastoma, a subgroup of glioma enriched for histologic low-grade gliomas but also contains a subset of tumors with GBM-defining histologic criteria; MGMT, O⁶-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase; IDH, isocitrate dehydrogenase; WT, wild type; NA, not available.