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. 2021 Oct 1;11:19550. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-98911-y

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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(A) Schematic representation of the formation of a vascularized tumoroid model from patient-derived primary glioblastoma cells. (B) Fluorescence images showing angiogenic sprouting at 1% and 20% O₂ at day 3 after seeding of (i) HUVEC (red) spheroid, supported by single HDF cells with or without additional growth factors; (ii) NCH82 (green) or primary (green) GBM spheroids and (iii) the full vascularized tumoroid model containing NCH82 or primary GBM : HUVEC spheroids with HDF supporting cells. HDF cells are non-fluorescent. The spheroids and single HDF cells are embedded in a 7.5 mg/mL fibrin gel. The scale bars represent 250 $μ$ m. (C) Graphical representations of (i) the total vessel area and vessel length for HUVEC spheroids surrounded by HDF, with or without additional growth factors and (ii) the total spheroid area for NCH82 or primary GBM spheroids. Data are presented as the mean ± standard deviation; n = 3; *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001. Subscript S denotes cells seeded in the same spheroid.