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. 2021 Oct 1;11:19538. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-98459-x

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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The T cell sub-populations in the spleen and cecal tonsils. Proportions of T cell subpopulations in the spleen (a–c) and cecal tonsil (d–f) after nine weeks of supplementation (0–9 weeks of age) and stress treatment (11–13 weeks of age). Sub-populations were identified using the following combinations of cell surface markers: T helper cells = CD3⁺CD4⁺; cytotoxic T cells = CD3⁺CD8⁺; T regulatory cells = CD4⁺CD25⁺ (n of birds: S-Placebo = 9, NS-Placebo = 9, S-Lacto = 9, NS-Lacto = 9, whereby Lacto = L. rhamnosus, Placebo = water supplementation, S = stressed and NS = non-stressed) in 15 weeks old birds. Different letters indicate statistically significant differences within the Supplementation*Stress interaction (P < 0.05).