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The first programmed freezing apparatus. (A) « Cryoson » (Midden Beemster, The Netherlands) used at Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Paris, from 1974 to 1995. (B) Nicool, the freezing apparatus from “Air liquid” used afterward. (C) The ideal freezing curve with a −1°C/min constant cooling rate and supercooling at the release of the heat of fusion to avoid thermic shock.
