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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Jun 1.
Published in final edited form as: Acta Diabetol. 2021 Feb 15;58(6):779–786. doi: 10.1007/s00592-020-01631-4

Table 3.

Associations between annual AL changes and age, gender, baseline AL and physical/biochemistry data in subgroups (n = 44, 44)

Variables Univariate, Group 1 (n = 44)
Univariate, Group 2 (n = 44)
Estimate (95% CI) P value Estimate (95% CI) P value
Baseline Age, years −0.020 (−0.049, 0.008) 0.164 −0.018 (−0.032, −0.003) 0.015
Male Sex −0.048 (−0.126, 0.030) 0.226 −0.016 (−0.083, 0.052) 0.646
Baseline AL, mm  0.028 (−0.008, 0.063) 0.125  0.009 (−0.006, 0.024) 0.257
Total Follow-up Period, years a  0.012 (−0.037, 0.062) 0.634 −0.012 (−0.081, 0.057) 0.732
Baseline BMI, kg/m 2 −0.004 (−0.028, 0.020) 0.730 −0.012 (−0.028, 0.003) 0.118
Average HbA1c, % −0.023 (−0.045, −0.001) 0.039
Average HDL, mg/dL /1000 −1.213 (−3.248, 0.822) 0.243
Average LDL, mg/dL /1000 −0.099 (−1.203, 1.006) 0.861
Average Cholesterol, mg/dL /1000 −0.345 (−1.407, 0.718) 0.525
Average TG, mg/dL /1000 −0.773 (−2.055, 0.510) 0.238
Average Urine A/C Ratio, mg/g /1000 −0.423 (−1.323, 0.477) 0.357

Dependent variable: Annual AL changes (mm/year), were calculated as [(the difference between the last and the first AL, mm) / (the number of days between the last and the first AL measurement)] × 365.25.

The numbers in bold denote that the association is statistically significant, P <0.05, generalized estimating equations.

AL, axial length; T1DM, type 1 diabetes mellitus; CI, confidence interval; BMI, body mass index; HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; TG, Triglycerides; A/C ratio, albumin to creatinine ratio.

a.

Total follow-up period, years, was calculated as [(the number of days between the last and the first AL measurement) / 365.25].