Table 3.
Bone regeneration-related proteins adsorbed on C7d and F7d specimens where the ones in ‘bold’ showed higher quantities for fine, ‘cursive’ for coarse specimens, and ‘regular’ equal for both. Statistical differences are marked with “∗”. Biological functions as given by DAVID bioinformatics database (www.david.ncifcrf.gov), STRING database (https://string-db.org/), and/or literature review.
| UniProtKB | Protein name | Gene name | Molecular weight (kDa) | Function |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| P02769 | Albumin | ALB∗ | 69.293 | Induces endogenous stem cells recruitment and promotes the growth of new bone [[55], [56], [57]] |
| P12763 | Alpha-2-HS-glycoprotein | AHSG∗ | 38.419 | Ossification and regulation of bone mineralization [[58], [59], [60], [61]] |
| Q3MHN5 | Vitamin D-binding protein | GC∗ | 53.342 | Regulates vitamin D availability enhancing bone resorption processes [41,62] |
| Q2UVX4 | Complement C3 | C3∗ | 187.253 | Osteoclast induction [30,40] |
| Q29RQ1 | Complement C7 | C7 | 93.09 | Modulate bone regeneration and healing after fracture, allow communication of osteoblasts and osteoclasts through complement-mediated signaling [63] |
| Q3MHN2 | Complement C9 | C9 | 61.998 | |
| P00735 | Prothrombin | F2 | 70.506 | Positive regulation of cell proliferation, positive regulation of cell growth, positive regulation of release of sequestered calcium ion into cytosol, regulation of cytosolic calcium ion concentration [64] |
| P60712 | Actin, cytoplasmic 1 | ACTB∗ | 41.737 | Wnt signaling pathway [65,66] |
| P28800 | Alpha-2-antiplasmin | SERPINF2∗ | 54.711 | Positive regulation of cell differentiation, positive regulation of JNK cascade, positive regulation of ERK1 and ERK2 cascade, positive regulation of TGF production [67,68] |
| P01044 | Kininogen-1 | KNG1 | 68.89 | Positive regulation of cytosolic calcium ion concentration, bone metabolism and regeneration [42] |
| Q03247 | Apolipoprotein E | APOE∗ | 35.98 | Bone metabolism and regeneration [40,42] |
| P02672 | Fibrinogen alpha chain | FGA∗ | 67.012 | Formation of fibrin [64,69,70] |
| P17697 | Clusterin | CLU | 51.114 | Involved in protection against inflammatory disorders [42] |
| A5PK74 | Ribosomal oxygenase 1 | RIOX1 | 74.349 | Regulates osteoblast differentiation via its interaction with SP7/OSX [71] |
| Q3Y5Z3 | Adiponectin | ADIPOQ | 26.133 | Found to regulate mobilization and recruitment of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) in bone healing by promoting osteogenesis [72,73] |
| P07456 | Insulin-like growth factor II | IGF2 | 19.682 | Ossification [74] |
| Q27967 | Secreted phosphoprotein 24 | SPP2∗ | 23.134 | Takes part in bone remodeling |
| P31096 | Osteopontin | SPP1 | 30.904 | Involved in ossification, osteoblast differentiation, and positive regulation of bone resorption |
| P07589 | Fibronectin | FN1 | 272.154 | Involved in osteoblast compaction in the process of fibrillogenesis essential for osteoblast mineralization, takes part in the regulation of type I collagen deposition by osteoblasts, osteoblasts are known to depend on fibronectin for differentiation and subsequently for survival [75] |
| Q3T0N5 | Mitogen-activated protein kinase 13 | MAPK13 | 42.229 | Involved in chondrocytes, osteoblasts and osteoclasts differentiation through p38 MAPK pathway [76] |
| Q8MJ50 | Osteoclast-stimulating factor 1 | OSTF1 | 23.842 | Induces bone resorption, osteoclast formation and activity [77] |
| O77742 | Osteomodulin | OMD | 49.116 | Regulates bone mineralization and cell adhesion |
| P07507 | Matrix Gla protein | MGP∗ | 12.217 | Regulates bone mineralization through Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway [78] |
| Q2KJ97 | Neurochondrin | NCDN | 78.799 | Involved in bone resorption processes |
| P02820 | Osteocalcin | BGLAP | 11.042 | Takes part in osteoblast differentiation and bone mineralization |
JNK, c-Jun N-terminal protein kinase; ERK1, extracellular-signal-regulated kinase 1; ERK2, extracellular-signal-regulated kinase 2; TGF, transforming growth factor; SP7/OSX, transcription factor SP7/osterix; MAPK, mitogen activated protein kinase.