TABLE 3.
Risk of bias assessment of included studies
| Author, publication year | Domains of risk of bias assessment tool for nonrandomized studies (RoBANS) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Selection of participants (selection bias) | Confounding variables (selection bias) | Measurement of exposure (performance bias) | Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias) | Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) | Selective outcome reporting (reporting bias) | |
| Hu et al, 20043 | Low | Low | Low | Unclear | Low | Low |
| Young et al, 201915 | High | Low | Low | Unclear | Low | Low |
| Carlsson et al, 202116 | Low | Low | Low | Unclear | Low | Low |
| Quah et al, 201217 | High | Low | Low | Unclear | Low | Low |
| Lee et al, 202118 | Low | Low | Low | Unclear | Low | Low |