Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of group 1 women at first antenatal care visit (n=3972)
| Total N=3972 |
HIV-negative N=2517 |
Living with HIV N=1455 |
P value | Living with HIV N=1455 |
P value | ||
| Initiated before pregnancy N=722 |
Initiated during pregnancy N=733 |
||||||
| Age, years | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | |||||
| <24 | 1273 (32) | 987 (39) | 286 (20) | 112 (16) | 174 (24) | ||
| 25–29 | 1108 (28) | 702 (28) | 406 (28) | 157 (22) | 249 (34) | ||
| >30 | 1591 (40) | 828 (33) | 763 (52) | 453 (63) | 310 (42) | ||
| Median | 28 (23–32) | 26 (22–31) | 30 (25–34) | 31 (27–35) | 28 (25–32) | ||
| Height, cm | 0.221 | 0.562 | |||||
| ≤155 | 1173 (30) | 723 (29) | 450 (31) | 220 (30) | 230 (31) | ||
| 156–161 | 1344 (34) | 873 (35) | 471 (32) | 245 (34) | 226 (31) | ||
| ≥162 | 1049 (26) | 661 (26) | 388 (27) | 190 (27) | 198 (27) | ||
| Missing | 406 (10) | 256 (10) | 147 (10) | 67 (9) | 79 (11) | ||
| Median | 158 (154–162) | 158 (154–162) | 158 (154–162) | 158 (154–162) | 158 (154–162) | ||
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 0.666 | 0.535 | |||||
| Underweight (<18.5) | 26 (0.7) | 15 (0.6) | 11 (0.7) | 8 (1) | 3 (0.4) | ||
| Normal (18.5–24.9) | 718 (18) | 457 (18) | 261 (18) | 124 (17) | 137 (19) | ||
| Overweight (25.0–29.9) | 1007 (25) | 625 (25) | 381 (26) | 202 (28) | 180 (25) | ||
| Obese (>30.0) | 1790 (55) | 1148 (47) | 801 (55) | 313 (43) | 329 (55) | ||
| Missing | 431 (11) | 272 (11) | 159 (11) | 75 (10) | 84 (11) | ||
| Median | 30 (26–35) | 30 (26–35) | 30 (26–35) | 30 (26–35) | 30 (25–35) | ||
| Gravidity | <0.0001 | 0.002 | |||||
| 1 | 967 (24) | 726 (29) | 241 (17) | 100 (14) | 141 (19) | ||
| 2 | 1347 (34) | 849 (34) | 498 (34) | 238 (33) | 260 (35) | ||
| ≥3 | 1567 (39) | 887 (35) | 680 (47) | 368 (51) | 312 (43) | ||
| Missing | 91 (2) | 55 (2) | 36 (3) | 16 (2) | 20 (3) | ||
| Median | 2 (1–3) | 2 (1–3) | 2 (2–3) | 3 (2–3) | 2 (2–3) | ||
| Parity | <0.0001 | 0.011 | |||||
| 0 | 1194 (30) | 865 (34) | 329 (23) | 147 (20) | 182 (25) | ||
| 1 | 1458 (37) | 898 (36) | 560 (38) | 270 (37) | 290 (40) | ||
| ≥2 | 1228 (31) | 699 (28) | 529 (36) | 289 (40) | 240 (33) | ||
| Missing | 92 (2) | 55 (0.1) | 37 (3) | 16 (2) | 21 (3) | ||
| Median | 1 (0–2) | 1 (0–2) | 1 (1–2) | 1 (1–2) | 1 (0–2) | ||
| Previous preterm | 0.013 | 0.617 | |||||
| Yes | 280 (7) | 159 (6) | 121 (8) | 63 (9) | 58 (8) | ||
| Haemoglobin g/L | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | |||||
| Normal (≥110) | 1446 (36) | 961 (38) | 485 (33) | 289 (40) | 196 (27) | ||
| Mild anaemia (90–109) |
1067 (27) | 638 (25) | 429 (29) | 177 (25) | 252 (34) | ||
| Moderate anaemia (70–89) |
229 (6) | 109 (4) | 120 (8) | 47 (7) | 73 (10) | ||
| Severe anaemia (<70) | 5 (0.1) | 4 (0.2) | 1 (0.1) | 0 | 1 (0.1) | ||
| Missing | 1225 (31) | 805 (32) | 420 (29) | 209 (29) | 211 (29) | ||
| Gestational age assessment | |||||||
| LMP | 3479 (88) | 2219 (88) | 1260 (87) | 0.150 | 642 (89) | 618 (84) | 0.010 |
| Median (weeks) | 17 (12–22) | 17 (12–23) | 16 (11–22) | 15 (11–22) | 17 (12–22) | ||
| SFH | 2327 (59) | 1447 (57) | 880 (60) | 0.065 | 403 (56) | 477 (65) | <0.0001 |
| Median (weeks) | 23 (18–28) | 23 (19–28) | 22 (17–27) | 22 (16–27) | 23 (18–28) | ||
| US | 2334 (59) | 1411 (56) | 923 (63) | <0.0001 | 433 (60) | 490 (67) | 0.006 |
| Median (weeks) | 16 (12–21) | 16 (12–21) | 15 (11–20) | 14 (10–19) | 17 (12–21) | ||
n (%).
LMP, last menstrual period; SFH, symphysis fundal height; US, ultrasound.