. 2021 Sep 28;16:6593–6644. doi: 10.2147/IJN.S323831

Table 3.

Efficacy of Selected Drugs and Expected Pharmacoeconomic Benefits Due to Their Nanoformulations.¹¹⁵^,^140–167

Nanocarrier		Efficacy	Expected Pharmaco-Economic Efficacy*
NP	Type of NPs	Doxorubicin
Chitosan-dextran conjugate NPs	P	Reduction of tumor size; Prolongation of survival.	1^a-1^k,2^a-2^e 3^a-3^d,4^a-4^c
Dox-loaded chitosan NPs	P	Marked inhibition of tumor growth; Prolongation of survival.	1^a-1^k,2^a-2^e 3^a-3^d,4^a-4^c
Dendrimer-Dox conjugates NPs	P	A single dose can cure mice with s.c. implanted colon cancer; The 100% survival of the tumor-bearing mice; A lower weight loss.	1^a-1^k,2^a-2^e 3^a-3^d,4^a-4^c
Peptide-Dox conjugates NPs	Pp	Marked inhibition of tumor cells in vitro; An effectiveness against a Dox-resistant neuroblastoma cell line.	1^a-1^k,2^a-2^e 3^a-3^d,4^a-4^c
Dox-loaded polymeric NPs	P	The greatest inhibition of primary human liver tumors implanted s.c.; Reduction in tumor growth; greater tumor inhibition and tumor necrosis; A marked reduction in the tumor collagen levels; A little to no toxicity to the mice.	1^a-1^k,2^a-2^e 3^a-3^d,4^a-4^c
PCMB-Dox NPs	P	Prolongation of survival; Suppression of tumor growth by about 80%; No toxic effects evidenced by histology, blood chemistries, and body weight.	1^a-1^k,2^a-2^e 3^a-3^d,4^a-4^c
Dox-loaded exosomes	E	Significant inhibition of tumors; No cardiotoxicity.	1^a-1^k,2^a-2^e 3^a-3^d.4^a-4^c
Paramagnetic NPs	M	A greater killing of cancer cells.	1^a-1^k,2^a-2^e 3^a-3^d.4^a-4^c
		5-Fluorouracil
SLNs	L	An improvement of the uptake of anticancer drugs inside colon tumors; Superior anticancer activity; Enhanced cytotoxic effects.	1^a-1^k,2^a-2^e 3^a-3^d,4^a-4^c
Chitosan-based NPs	P	Minimization of the toxic effects on healthy cells; An improvement of localization of the drug at the colon region; A decrease in drug-induced toxicity; A reduction of dose frequency and drug administration; A provision of better targeting efficiency and the accumulation of the drug.	1^a-1^k,2^a-2^e 3^a-3^d,4^a-4^c
PLGA NPs	P	The rate of cell lysis was about 80%; A prominent exhibition of an effect on target CRC cells.	1^a-1^k,2^a-2^e 3^a-3^d,4^a-4^c
FA and PLGA conjugates	P	An enhancement of anticancer activity; The lowest cell viability.	1^a-1^k,2^a-2^e 3^a-3^d,4^a-4^c
Eudragit S100 coated CPNs	P	A better targeting efficiency; An exhibition of drug release over a prolonged period.	1^a-1^k,2^a-2^e 3^a-3^d,4^a-4^c
SiNPs	M	An enhancement of cellular uptake; An improvement of cytotoxic effects.	1^a-1^k,2^a-2^e, 3^a-3^d,4^a-4^c
		Paclitaxel
PLGA-NPs	P	Minimal systemic toxicity; Significantly better tumor growth inhibition effect with transplantable liver tumors; Facilitation of drug cell uptake; An increase in cellular association; An enhancement of cytotoxicity; Inhibition of intimal proliferation in a rabbit vascular injury model; A significant prolongation of survival; Improvement of drug encapsulation efficiency; Better control of drug release kinetics; An enhancement of cellular uptake; Better antitumor efficacy.	1^a-1^k,2^a-2^e 3^a-3^d,4^a-4^c
PLA NPs	P	Significant antitumor efficacy; More drug accumulation in tumors.	1^a-1^k,2^a-2^e 3^a-3^d,4^a-4^c
PCL NPs	P	An enhancement of cytotoxicity; A remarkable tumor growth inhibition; An enhancement of antitumor efficacy; No acute toxicity; An increase in cellular uptake; An enhancement of toxicity; An improvement of tumor inhibitory activity.	1^a-1^k,2^a-2^e 3^a-3^d,4^a-4^c
PEG-PCL NPs	P	An improvement of the pharmacokinetic profile; An increase in the mean survival time; Better drug loading profile; An improvement in entrapment efficiency to 98%; Significantly greater tumor accumulation.	1^a-1^k,2^a-2^e 3^a-3^d,4^a-4^c
PVP-b-PCL or PCL-g-PVA	P	Significantly superior antitumor efficacy; An exhibition in reduction of drug release rate profiles; Better antitumor activity.	1^a-1^k,2^a-2^e 3^a-3^d,4^a-4^c
HO-GC	P	Faster cellular uptake; Better therapeutic efficacy; An enhancement of the aqueous solubility; Achievement of a higher drug loading up to 20%; Achievement of maximum entrapment efficiency of 97%.	1^a-1^k,2^a-2^e 3^a-3^d,4^a-4^c
mPEG-CHO-chitosan NPs	P	Significantly slower tumor growth rate; An improvement of life span.	1^a-1^k,2^a-2^e 3^a-3^d,4^a-4^c
LyP-1-Abraxane NPs	Pp	A significant improvement of antitumor efficacy.	1^a-1^k,2^a-2^e 3^a-3^d,4^a-4^c
BSA NPs	Pp	High stability; Surface properties which specifically targeted to human prostate cancer cells.	1^a-1^k,2^a-2^e 3^a-3^d,4^a-4^c
OSA NPs	Pp	An improvement of the lipophilicity of albumin; Higher drug entrapment efficiency; Greater stability.	1^a-1^k,2^a-2^e 3^a-3^d,4^a-4^c
HA-NPs	P	A superior antitumor efficacy; An achievement of the drug loading up to 20.7%.	1^a-1^k, 2^a-2^e 3^a-3^d, 4^a-4^c
PBCA-NPs, (HA)-PBCA-NPs	P	A gradual drug release up to 80% within 96 h; Reduction of the initial burst release of the drug; A decrease in the cytotoxicity; An enhancement by cellular uptake; More potent antitumor inhibition activity.	1^a-1^k, 2^a-2^e 3^a-3^d, 4^a-4^c
HPG-C10-PEG, PEI-C18-HPG	P	Drug release up to 80%; Better tolerance; A significant exhibition and improvement of antitumor efficacy; A decrease in cytotoxicity.	1^a-1^k, 2^a-2^e 3^a-3^d, 4^a-4^c
PEG-PE NPs	P	Better antitumor activity; An improvement of antitumor efficacy.	1^a-1^k, 2^a-2^e 3^a-3^d, 4^a-4^c
Gelatin NPs	P	A significant improvement of antitumor activity.	1^a-1^k,2^a-2^e 3^a-3^d,4^a-4^c
NK 105	P	A significant better antitumor efficacy; Dramatically lower neurocytotoxicity.	1^a-1^k,2^a-2^e 3^a-3^d,4^a-4^c
Liposomes	L	A significant better antitumor efficacy; Greater tumor uptake; Reduction of toxicity; Significantly smaller tumor volumes; Inhibition of metastasis.	1^a-1^k,2^a-2^e 3^a-3^d,4^a-4^c
SLNs	L	Increased cellular uptake; Optimization of the drug entrapment efficiency; A significant enhancement of toxicity; An increase in brain uptake; Slower tumor growth rate; Potential to overcome P-gp-mediated MDR.	1^a-1^k,2^a-2^e 3^a-3^d,4^a-4^c
Lipid Nanocapsules	L	A significant increase in the life span; Potential to overcome P-gp-mediated MDR; An increase in drug cell uptake and retention; An increase in drug loading and entrapment efficiency; Prolonged and sustained in vitro release; An exhibition of better antitumor efficacy.	1^a-1^k,2^a-2^e 3^a-3^d,4^a-4^c
PTX Fatty Acid-Prodrug Lipid-Based NPs	L	Tumor growth inhibition; Antitumor activity; Less toxic; A significant improvement of drug loading efficiency; A superior anti-tumor efficacy.	1^a-1^k,2^a-2^e 3^a-3^d,4^a-4^c
Micro- and Nano-Emulsions	L	Much better tolerance; A significant improvement of antitumor efficacy; An increase in the life span; An extended release; Greater bioavailability.	1^a-1^k,2^a-2^e 3^a-3^d,4^a-4^c
Drug-Polymer Conjugates	P	A significantly better antitumor efficacy; A remarkable enhancement of tumor inhibitory activity; Low toxicity; Superior antitumor activity; Complete elimination of tumors (in some cases); Prolonged circulation time.	1^a-1^k, 2^a-2^e 3^a-3^d, 4^a-4^c
MNPs	M	An enhancement of cell inhibition activity; Low toxicity.	1^a-1^k, 2^a-2^e 3^a-3^d, 4^a-4^c
CNTs	C	A significant improvement of antitumor activity; An increase in drug loading; A significant increase in cell death; Non-toxicity.	1^a-1^k, 2^a-2^e 3^a-3^d, 4^a-4^c
CD NPs	P	Low haemolysis and cytotoxicity.	1^a-1^k, 2^a-2^e 3^a-3^d, 4^a-4^c
Nanogel	P	A significant improvement of antitumor efficacy.	1^a-1^k, 2^a-2^e 3^a-3^d, 4^a-4^c
ANG 1005	Pp	Better antitumor efficacy; An increase in survival time.	1^a-1^k, 2^a-2^e 3^a-3^d, 4^a-4^c

Note: *Based on Table 2.

Abbreviations: ABCB1 gene, ATP Binding Cassette Subfamily B Member 1; ANG 1005, Angiopep-2 Paclitaxel Conjugate; BSA, Bovine Serum Albumin; C, carbon-based nanoparticles; CD NPs, Cyclodextrin Nanoparticles; CNTs, Carbon Nanotubes; CRC, Colorectal Cancer; Dox, Doxorubicin; E, exosomes-based nanoparticles; Eudragit S100, Anionic Copolymers based on Methacrylic Acid and Methyl Methacrylate; HA, Hyaluronic Acid; (HA)-PBCA-NPs, Hyaluronic acid coated poly(butyl cyanoacrylate) nanoparticles; HO-GC, Hydrotropic Oligomer-Conjugated Glycol Chitosan; HPG, Hyperbranched Polyglycerol; HPG-C10-PEG, Hyperbranched polyglycerol-C10- poly(ethylene glycol); i.v., intra venosa; L, lipid-based nanoparticles; LyP, 1-Abraxane - type of peptide; M, metallic-based nanoparticles; MNPs, Magnetic NPs; MDR, Multidrug Resistance; mPEG-CHO-chitosan NPs, Methoxypoly(ethylene glycol) conjugated Chitosan Nanoparticles; NK 105, Paclitaxel-incorporating Micellar Nanoparticle Formulation; PEG, polyaspartate micellar NPs; NPs, Nanoparticles; s.c., subcutaneously; OSA, Octyl-modified bovine Serum Albumin; SiNP, Silica Nanoparticles; SLNs, Solid Lipid Nanoparticles; P, polymeric-based nanoparticles; PBCA, Poly(butyl cyanoacrylate); PCL, Poly(ε-caprolactone); PCMB-Dox NPs, PEGylated Carborane-Conjugated Amphiphilic Copolymer Doxorubicin Nanoparticles; PEI-C18-HPG, Polyethyleneimine (PEI)-C18-HPG; PEG-PCL, Poly(ethylene glycol)-Poly(ε-caprolactone); PEG-PE Nps, Poly(Ethylene Glycol)-Phosphatidyl Ethanolamine Nanoparticles; P-gp, Permeability glycoprotein; PLA, Polylactide; PLGA, Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid); PLD, PEGylated Liposomal Doxorubicin; PLMB-Dox NPs, Doxorubicin-Loaded Carborane-Conjugated Polymeric Nanoparticles; Pp, peptide-based nanoparticles.