Table 3.
State-of-the-art literature reviewing of the research studies and clinical trials about mesenchymal stem cells or mesenchymal stem cells derived exosomes for managing COVID-19.
| Study/Title | Exosome (Route) | Outcome | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|
| Aerosol inhalation of MSCs-Exo in managing severe novel coronavirus pneumonia is being explored in a single-arm, open- label, combined interventional clinical trial. | MSCs-Exo (Inhalation) | Ongoing Clinical trial NCT04276987 (China) | [126] |
| A critically ill COVID-19 patient on treatment with hUCMSCs developed clinical remission. | hUCMSCs (IV) | The laboratory indices and CT images indicated decrease in inflammation symptom. Patients were shifted out of ICU, and the throat swabs tested negative 4 d later. These results showed the clinical outcome and good tolerance of allogenic hUCMSCs transfer. | [127] |
| Patients with COVID-19 pneumonia benefit from ACE2-MSC transplantation. | ACE2-MSC (IV) | After 2 d of MSC transplantation, these 7 patients had considerably improved pulmonary function and symptoms. It was found to be safe and efficacious in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia, who had been in a critical condition. | [128] |
| A Phase I/II randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial to assess the safety and potential efficacy of an IV infusion of Zofin (Organicell Flow) to treat moderate COVID-19 infection caused by SARS. | Cytokines, Growth factors, and other EVs/nanoparticles derived from HAF (IV) | Ongoing Clinical trial NCT04384445 (USA) | [129] |
| A single-arm, open label, combined interventional (phase I/II trials) clinical trial is being conducted to determine the safety and efficacy of inhaled CSTC-exosomes in the treatment of early stage novel coronavirus pneumonia. | CSTC-Exo (Inhalation) | Ongoing Clinical trial NCT04389385 (Turkey) | [130] |
| Exosomes (ExoFlo™) derived from allogeneic bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells were used for treating severe COVID-19 in a non-randomized, open-label, cohort study. | Bone marrow MSCs-Exo (IV) | All safety endpoints were met with no adverse events detected. The survival rate was 83%. ExoFlo™ is a promising therapeutic candidate for severe COVID-19 due to its safety profile, capacity to restore oxygenation, downregulate cytokine storm and reconstruct immunity. | [131] |
| ExoFlo™, bone marrow-derived EVs on IV administration, is being evaluated as a treatment for moderate to severe ARDS in patients with severe COVID-19 in a multi-center, randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial. | Bone marrow derived EVs (IV) | Ongoing Clinical trial NCT04493242 (USA) | [132] |
| Exosome inhalation was evaluated for safety and efficacy in SARS-CoV-2 associated pneumonia. | MSCs-Exo (Inhalation) | Ongoing Clinical trial NCT04491240 (Russia) | [133] |
| To determine the efficacy of MSCs infusion as a supplementary therapy to standard supportive treatment for patients with moderate/severe COVID-19. | MSCs (IV) | Ongoing Clinical trial NCT04444271 (Pakistan) | [134] |
| hUMSCs and Exosomes for lung injury in patients with COVID-19. | hUMSCs (IV) | Ongoing Clinical trial ChiCTR2000030484 (China) | [135] |
| CAP-1002 Allogeneic Cardiosphere-Derived Cells | EVs from CDCs (IV) | Ongoing Clinical trial NCT04338347 (USA) | [136] |
Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (hUCMSCs);COVID-19 Specific T Cell Derived Exosomes (CSTC-Exo);Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS);Cardiosphere-Derived Cells (CDCs).