Table 2.
List of genes encoded in four Bupleurum plastomes
| Gene Category | Genes | Number |
|---|---|---|
| Ribosomal RNAs | rrn4.5 (×2); rrn5 (×2); rrn16 (×2); rrn23 (× 2) | 4 |
| Transfer RNAs | trnA-UGC (×2)a; trnC-GCA; trnD-GUC; trnE-UUC; trnF-GAA; trnfM-CAU; trnG-GCC; trnG-UCC a; trnH-GUG; trnI-CAU (× 2); trnI-GAU (× 2) a; trnK-UUU a; trnL-CAA(× 2); trnL-UAA a; trnL-UAG; trnM-CAU; trnN-GUU (× 2); trnP-UGG; trnQ-UUG; trnR-ACG (× 2); trnR-UCU; trnS-GCU; trnS-GGA; trnS-UGA; trnT-GGU; trnT-UGU; trnV-GAC (× 2); trnV-UAC a; trnW-CCA; trnY-GUA | 37 |
| Subunits of photosystem I | psaA; psaB; psaC; psaI; psaJ; ycf3b; ycf4 | 7 |
| Subunits of photosystem II | psbA; psbB; psbC; psbD; psbE; psbF; psbH; psbI; psbJ; psbK; psbL; psbM; psbN; psbT; psbZ; | 15 |
| ATP-dependent protease subunit P | clpPb | 1 |
| Large subunit of rubisco | rbcL | 1 |
| NADH dehydrogenase | ndhA; ndhB (×2) a; ndhC; ndhD; ndhE; ndhF; ndhG; ndhH; ndhI; ndhJ; ndhK | 12 |
| Ribosomal protein (large subunit) | rpl2 (×2) a; rpl14; rpl16 a; rpl20; rpl22; rpl23 (× 2); rpl33; rpl32; rpl36 | 11 |
| Small subunit of ribosomal proteins | rps2; rps3; rps4; rps7 (×2); rps8; rps11; rps12 (× 2)b; rps14; rps15; rps16 a; rps18; rps19 | 14 |
| DNA-dependent RNA polymerase | rpoA; rpoB; rpoC1; rpoC2 | 4 |
| Subunits of ATP synthase | atpA; atpB; atpE; atpF a; atpH; atpI | 6 |
| C-type cytochrome synthesis gene | ccsA | 1 |
| Subunits of cytochrome b/f complex | petN; petA; petL; petG; petB a; petD a | 6 |
| Envelop membrane protein | cemA | 1 |
| Maturase | matK | 1 |
| Hypothetical chloroplast reading frames | ycf1; ycf2 (×2) | 5 |
| Subunits of Acetyl-CoA-carboxylase | accD | 1 |
| Pseudogenes | infA; rps19c; ycf1c; ycf15 (×2) | 4 |
| Total | 114 single-copy genes, 132 in total. |
(×2): Two gene copies in the IRs; a Gene containing one intron; b Gene containing two introns; c means the incomplete copy located in the IR of the gene straddling the IR and LSC/SSC regions