Table 2.
Bivariate and logistic regression analysis estimates for women delivering babies at home by their background characteristics in India, NFHS-III & NFHS-IV
| Background characteristics | 2005–06 | 2015–16 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Home delivery (%) | AOR (95% CI) | Home delivery (%) | AOR (95% CI) | |
| Age at first birth | $ | $ | ||
| < 18 years | 74.9 | Ref. | 28.9 | Ref. |
| 18–24 years | 54.8 | 0.86***(0.78–0.96) | 18.7 | 0.95*(0.9–1.01) |
| 25 or more years | 25.5 | 0.59***(0.49–0.69) | 11.4 | 0.76***(0.70–0.82) |
| Parity | $ | $ | ||
| First parity | 38.9 | Ref. | 9.0 | Ref. |
| Second parity | 49.1 | 1.49***(1.34–1.66) | 15.4 | 1.63***(1.54–1.72) |
| Third parity | 67.1 | 1.95***(1.72–2.21) | 26.1 | 2.02***(1.9–2.15) |
| Four or more parity | 81.6 | 1.70***(1.49–1.92) | 40.5 | 2.49***(2.03–2.80) |
| Ante-natal care | $ | $ | ||
| No | 87.7 | Ref. | 43.2 | Ref. |
| Partial | 56.5 | 0.70***(0.62–0.8) | 19.2 | 0.59***(0.55–0.62) |
| Full | 16.1 | 0.34***(0.28–0.41) | 5.6 | 0.41***(0.38–0.45) |
| Mass media exposure | $ | $ | ||
| No exposure | 81.9 | Ref. | 37.5 | Ref. |
| Exposure | 48.1 | 1.03(0.92–1.17) | 12.8 | 0.89***(0.84–0.93) |
| Educational status | $ | $ | ||
| No education | 80.5 | Ref. | 36.6 | |
| Primary | 61.0 | 0.83***(0.73–0.94) | 24.7 | 0.89***(0.84–0.94) |
| Secondary | 35.1 | 0.70***(0.63–0.79) | 10.8 | 0.68***(0.65–0.72) |
| Higher | 7.0 | 0.33***(0.26–0.42) | 3.1 | 0.44***(0.39–0.49) |
| Caste | $ | $ | ||
| Scheduled Caste | 65.2 | Ref. | 19.7 | Ref. |
| Scheduled Tribe | 80.7 | 1.34***(1.18–1.52) | 30.0 | 1.08**(1.01–1.16) |
| Other Backward Class | 59.7 | 1.71***(1.47–2.00) | 17.8 | 1.40***(1.31–1.5) |
| Others | 45.8 | 1.48***(1.33–1.65) | 15.4 | 1.02(0.97–1.09) |
| Religion | $ | $ | ||
| Hindu | 58.0 | Ref. | 17.1 | Ref. |
| Muslim | 64.7 | 0.84***(0.73–0.96) | 28.1 | 1.52***(1.43–1.61) |
| Others | 45.5 | 1.03(0.89–1.19) | 17.0 | 1.57***(1.46–1.7) |
| Wealth index | $ | $ | ||
| Poor | 81.5 | Ref. | 31.4 | Ref. |
| Middle | 58.9 | 0.75***(0.66–0.85) | 13.4 | 0.82***(0.77–0.86) |
| Rich | 27.8 | 0.41***(0.34–0.48) | 6.2 | 0.64***(0.61–0.76) |
| Place of residence | $ | $ | ||
| Urban | 29.5 | Ref. | 9.7 | Ref. |
| Rural | 69.1 | 1.94***(1.76–2.14) | 22.8 | 1.12***(1.06–1.18) |
| Region | $ | $ | ||
| North | 59.3 | Ref. | 14.6 | Ref. |
| Central | 77.1 | 1.15**(1.01–1.32) | 26.6 | 0.92**(0.87–0.98) |
| East | 69.6 | 0.73***(0.63–0.84) | 27.8 | 1.37***(1.29–1.47) |
| Northeast | 70.2 | 0.88*(0.76–1.01) | 28.8 | 1.45***(1.35–1.57) |
| West | 36.2 | 0.36***(0.3–0.42) | 9.0 | 0.50***(0.45–0.55) |
| South | 24.7 | 0.21***(0.17–0.24) | 4.1 | 0.35***(0.31–0.39) |
| Total | 58.5 | 18.9 | ||
$p < 0.001 based on chi-square test of significance; ***p < 0.001, **p < 0.05, *p < 0.10; AOR Adjusted odds ratio; CI Confidence Interval; Ref: Reference category