Table II.
Proportion of students listing specific categories of potential substance use resources among members of Massachusetts high school GSAs and comparison students sampled from classrooms in the same schools, N = 1900
| Sources of support | Nonmember students (n = 1513), % | GSA members (n = 357), % | Adjusted risk ratio (reference = nonmember students), (95% CI), P |
|---|---|---|---|
| In-school sources | |||
| Administration | 73.4 | 69.0 | 0.95 (0.83, 1.09), P = 0.463 |
| Health office staff | 31.6 | 34.0 | 1.19 (0.89, 1.61), P = 0.246 |
| Clubs | 2.9 | 8.4 | 3.83 (1.67, 8.79), P = 0.002 |
| Educational materials | 3.8 | 4.1 | 1.07 (0.47, 2.42), P = 0.874 |
| Events (e.g. assembly) | 0.5 | 0.0 | a |
| Formal places (e.g. health office) | 71.8 | 71.8 | 1.05 (0.93, 1.18), P = 0.424 |
| Individual adults | 11.5 | 18.8 | 1.55 (0.99, 2.41), P = 0.056 |
| Individual peers | 2.7 | 5.3 | 1.08 (0.36, 3.23), P = 0.897 |
| Informal places (e.g. bulletin board) | 2.4 | 0.0 | a |
| Peers | 9.7 | 14.9 | 2.02 (1.18, 3.46), P = 0.011 |
| Teacher or coach | 58.5 | 60.0 | 1.07 (0.91, 1.25), P = 0.447 |
| Out-of-school sources | |||
| Educational materials | 1.5 | 2.1 | 1.19 (0.07, 20.24), P = 0.905 |
| Family | 58.9 | 48.1 | 0.86 (0.71, 1.05), P = 0.148 |
| Friends or romantic partners | 39.8 | 24.9 | 0.69 (0.49, 0.96), P = 0.031 |
| Places (e.g. YMCA) | 51.8 | 58.4 | 1.22 (1.02, 1.47), P = 0.029 |
| Community resources | 3.9 | 7.8 | 1.45 (0.57, 3.67), P = 0.438 |
| Self-help (e.g. online resources) | 10.2 | 11.2 | 1.36 (0.79, 2.32), P = 0.265 |
| Service providers (e.g. therapist) | 29.3 | 25.1 | 0.84 (0.60, 1.18), P = 0.327 |
| Other responses | |||
| ‘Everywhere’ | 1.5 | 0.0 | a |
| ‘Everyone’ | 1.3 | 0.0 | a |
| ‘Don't know’ | 14.5 | 23.0 | 1.27 (0.86, 1.87), P = 0.230 |
| None | 9.6 | 10.1 | 1.22 (0.58, 2.58), P = 0.601 |
Note. P-values and adjusted risk ratios are based on generalized estimating equation models and account for clustering within schools. Risk ratios are adjusted for: non-GSA club participation (count), gender group (i.e. cisgender male, cisgender female [reference], gender minority); sexual orientation identity (i.e. heterosexual [reference], sexual minority); race (i.e. White students, students of color [reference]); free/reduced price lunch status (i.e. yes, no [reference], not sure); nativity (i.e. born in United States [reference], born outside United States) and age (years).
Risk ratios were not calculated for sources of support not reported by any GSA members.