Table III.
Coefficients from adjusted generalized estimating equation models for spring term self-reported substance use resource outcomes among members of Massachusetts high-school GSAs and comparison students sampled from classrooms in the same schools, N = 1900
| Variables | School resources |
Community resources |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Comfort accessing resources | Confidence in finding resources | Number of resources listed | Comfort accessing resources | Confidence in finding resources | Number of resources listed | |
| b (95% CI), P | b (95% CI), P | b (95% CI), P | b (95% CI), P | b (95% CI), P | b (95% CI), P | |
| GSA membership (ref = nonmember) | ||||||
| GSA member | 0.26 (0.01, 0.50), P = 0.044 | 0.01 (−0.19, 0.21), P = 0.924 | 0.30 (0.06, 0.53), P = 0.014 | 0.05 (−0.19, 0.28), P = 0.694 | −0.12 (−0.36, 0.11), P = 0.301 | 0.04 (−0.09, 0.17), P = 0.588 |
| Substance use (ref = no substance use) | ||||||
| Any substance use at time 1 | −0.62 (−0.99, −0.24), P = 0.001a | −0.56 (−0.87, −0.25), P < 0.001a | −0.10 (−0.42, 0.22), P = 0.544 | −0.37 (−0.69, −0.06), P = 0.021 | −0.59 (−0.91, −0.28), P < 0.001a | −0.04 (−0.24, 0.17), P = 0.714 |
| Any substance use x GSA sample | 0.45 (0.15, 0.74), P = 0.003a | 0.33 (0.08, 0.59), P = 0.010a | 0.04 (−0.20, 0.28), P = 0.739 | 0.21 (−0.05, 0.46), P = 0.109 | 0.37 (0.12, 0.61), P = 0.003a | 0.00 (−0.15, 0.16), P = 0.981 |
| Outcome value at time 1 | 0.40 (0.36, 0.44), P < 0.001a | 0.39 (0.36, 0.43), P < 0.001a | 0.24 (0.18, 0.30), P < 0.001a | 0.41 (0.37, 0.45), P < 0.001a | 0.40 (0.36, 0.43), P < 0.001a | 0.24 (0.19, 0.30), P < 0.001a |
| Non-GSA club participation | 0.04 (−0.00, 0.07), P = 0.081 | 0.04 (0.01, 0.07), P = 0.007a | 0.05 (0.01, 0.09), P = 0.008a | 0.06 (0.02, 0.10), P = 0.007a | 0.03 (−0.01, 0.08), P = 0.152 | 0.03 (0.01, 0.05), P = 0.011a |
| Sexual orientation identity (ref = heterosexual) | ||||||
| Sexual minority identity | −0.22 (−0.41, −0.02), P = 0.031 | −0.17 (−0.33, −0.01), P = 0.042 | −0.01 (−0.13, 0.12), P = 0.934 | −0.09 (−0.28, 0.11), P = 0.380 | −0.13 (−0.30, 0.04), P = 0.138 | 0.01 (−0.09, 0.10), P = 0.875 |
| FRPL status (ref = no FRPL) | ||||||
| Receives free or reduced-price lunch | −0.01 (−0.17, 0.16), P = 0.947 | −0.09 (−0.23, 0.06), P = 0.231 | −0.05 (−0.18, 0.07), P = 0.416 | −0.19 (−0.34, −0.04), P = 0.013 | −0.10 (−0.26, 0.06), P = 0.207 | −0.13 (−0.19, −0.07), P<0.001a |
| Not sure | −0.06 (−0.24, 0.11), P = 0.484 | −0.27 (−0.48, −0.06), P = 0.011 | −0.09 (−0.27, 0.09), P = 0.306 | −0.08 (−0.27, 0.10), P = 0.375 | −0.15 (−0.33, 0.03), P = 0.098 | −0.09 (−0.20, 0.02), P = 0.116 |
| Gender group (ref = cis female) | ||||||
| Cis male | 0.14 (0.02, 0.25), P = 0.021 | 0.07 (−0.02, 0.17), P = 0.119 | −0.04 (−0.14, 0.06), P = 0.467 | 0.07 (−0.03, 0.17), P = 0.189 | 0.05 (−0.07, 0.17), P = 0.390 | 0.04 (−0.01, 0.09), P = 0.137 |
| Gender minority | −0.25 (−0.50, 0.01), P = 0.060 | −0.02 (−0.27, 0.22), P = 0.863 | −0.16 (−0.36, 0.05), P = 0.132 | −0.36 (−0.54, −0.17), P<0.001a | −0.12 (−0.37, 0.13), P = 0.349 | −0.12 (−0.26, 0.03), P = 0.119 |
| Nativity (ref = born in the United States) | ||||||
| Born outside the United States | 0.14 (−0.02, 0.30), P = 0.093 | 0.12 (−0.07, 0.31), P = 0.211 | 0.01 (−0.14, 0.15), P = 0.941 | 0.17 (−0.02, 0.37), P = 0.084 | 0.00 (−0.18, 0.19), P = 0.964 | 0.04 (−0.10, 0.18), P = 0.585 |
| Race/ethnicity (ref = students of color) | ||||||
| White | 0.08 (−0.05, 0.21), P = 0.231 | 0.15 (0.01, 0.28), P = 0.031 | 0.07 (−0.06, 0.20), P = 0.270 | 0.12 (−0.02, 0.26), P = 0.098 | 0.19 (0.03, 0.36), P = 0.023 | 0.05 (−0.05, 0.15), P = 0.310 |
| Age (in years) | −0.02 (−0.06, 0.02), P = 0.236 | −0.03 (−0.08, 0.03), P = 0.341 | −0.05 (−0.10, −0.00), P = 0.039 | −0.04 (−0.09, 0.01), P = 0.167 | −0.02 (−0.07, 0.02), P = 0.304 | −0.02 (−0.04, 0.01), P = 0.220 |
Note. FRPL, free or reduced-price lunch. Results are based on generalized estimating equation models.
a
Statistical significance after applying the Holm method for multiple comparisons, with tests of each predictor across all six outcomes treated as a family of tests.