Table 1.
Demographics, operative characteristics, and postoperative outcomes of patients with or without acute kidney injury
| AKI | No AKI | P | Standardized difference (%) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| (n = 86) | (n = 844) | |||
| Age (years)* | 62.9(10.7) | 60.0(10.8) | 0.016# | 27.4 |
| Sex ratio (M : F) | 72 : 14 | 619 : 225 | 0.036 | 25.5 |
| BMI (kg/m2)* | 24.7(4.3) | 23.6(5.4) | 0.078# | 22.5 |
| ASA fitness grade | 0.082 | 29.1 | ||
| I | 4 (4.7) | 96 (11.4) | ||
| II | 64 (74.4) | 629 (74.5) | ||
| III | 17 (19.8) | 113 (13.4) | ||
| IV | 1 (1.2) | 6 (0.7) | ||
| Diabetes mellitus | 41 (47.7) | 216 (25.6) | < 0.001 | 47.1 |
| Hypertension | 53 (61.6) | 314 (37.2) | < 0.001 | 50.4 |
| Chronic kidney injury | 15 (17.4) | 63 (7.5) | < 0.001 | 30.6 |
| MELD score* | 8.5(3.6) | 7.4(1.7) | 0.004# | 40.9 |
| Surgical approach | 0.018 | 30.5 | ||
| Open | 80 (93.0) | 703 (83.3) | ||
| Laparoscopic or robotic | 6 (7.0) | 141 (16.7) | ||
| Intraoperative CVP (mmHg)* | 5.6(2.6) | 5.7(2.8) | 0.706# | −4.4 |
| Mean intraoperative BP (mmHg)* | 78.4(10.3) | 83.1(10.7) | < 0.001# | −44.2 |
| < 72.1 | 31 (36.0) | 120 (14.2) | < 0.001 | 52.0 |
| Intraoperative urine output (ml)*† | 400.9(257.1) | 366.7(280.6) | 0.352# | 12.7 |
| Intraoperative urine output (ml/min)*† | 1.20(0.74) | 1.41(1.03) | 0.093# | −19.4 |
| Phenylephrine use‡ | 49 (67.1) | 364 (47.3) | < 0.001 | 41.0 |
| Dose of phenylephrine used (μg)*‡ | 1538(2290) | 997(1674) | 0.115# | 27.0 |
| Intraoperative adverse event§ | 21 (29.2) | 132 (16.9) | 0.010 | 29.3 |
| Pringle manoeuvre | 7 (8.1) | 114 (13.5) | 0.159 | −17.3 |
| Duration of operation (min)* | 323.0(144.5) | 267.4(132.8) | 0.001# | 40.1 |
| > 266 | 54 (62.8) | 331 (39.2) | < 0.001 | 48.5 |
| Blood loss (ml)* | 1014(1400) | 459(545) | 0.001# | 52.2 |
| > 377 | 66 (76.7) | 331(39.2) | < 0.001 | 82.2 |
| Blood transfusion | 20 (23.3) | 82 (9.7) | < 0.001 | 37.1 |
| 90-day mortality | 9 (10.5) | 9 (1.1) | < 0.001 | 41.2 |
| Postoperative complications | 54 (62.8) | 210 (24.9) | < 0.001 | 82.7 |
| PHLF | 7 (8.1) | 10 (1.2) | < 0.001 | 33.4 |
| Duration of postoperative hospital stay (days)* | 15.5 (10.7) | 8.6 (7.2) | < 0.001# | 75.9 |
| Cirrhosis | 33 (38.4) | 282 (33.4) | 0.355 | 10.4 |
| Aetiology of cirrhosis | ||||
| Hepatitis B | 25 (29.1) | 237 (28.1) | 0.846 | 2.2 |
| Hepatitis C | 5 (5.8) | 22 (2.6) | 0.095 | 16.0 |
| Alcoholic liver disease | 2 (2.3) | 8 (0.9) | 0.235 | 11.2 |
| Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease | 1 (1.2) | 12 (1.4) | 1.000 | −1.8 |
| Autoimmune hepatitis | 0 (0) | 1 (0.1) | 1.000 | −4.5 |
| Wilson’s disease | 0 (0) | 1 (0.1) | 1.000 | −4.5 |
| Cryptogenic cirrhosis | 0 (0) | 1 (0.1) | 1.000 | −4.5 |
| Child–Pugh grade | 0.334 | −8.8 | ||
| A | 82 (95.3) | 818 (97.0) | ||
| B | 4 (4.7) | 25 (3.0) | ||
| Pathology | ||||
| Hepatocellular carcinoma | 58 (67.4) | 502 (59.5) | 0.151 | 16.4 |
| Metastasis | 9 (10.5) | 193 (22.9) | 0.008 | −33.7 |
| Colorectal liver metastasis | 8 (9.3) | 181 (21.4) | 0.008 | −34.1 |
| Nasopharyngeal carcinoma metastasis | 0 (0) | 4 (0.5) | 1.000 | −10.0 |
| Gastrointestinal stromal tumour metastasis | 0 (0) | 3 (0.4) | 1.000 | −9.0 |
| Pancreatic metastasis | 0 (0) | 2 (0.2) | 1.000 | −6.3 |
| Adrenal carcinoma metastasis | 1 (1.2) | 0 (0) | 0.092 | 15.6 |
| Ovarian carcinoma metastasis | 0 (0) | 1 (0.1) | 1.000 | −4.5 |
| Breast carcinoma metastasis | 0 (0) | 1 (0.1) | 1.000 | −4.5 |
| Melanoma metastasis | 0 (0) | 1 (0.1) | 1.000 | −4.5 |
| Cholangiocarcinoma | 5 (5.8) | 35 (4.1) | 0.407 | 7.8 |
| Recurrent pyogenic cholangitis | 1 (1.2) | 39 (4.6) | 0.167 | −20.4 |
| Carcinoma of gallbladder | 6 (7) | 16 (1.9) | 0.012 | 24.9 |
| Hepatocellular adenoma | 1 (1.2) | 8 (0.9) | 0.584 | 2.9 |
| Neuroendocrine tumour | 0 (0) | 7 (0.8) | 1.000 | −12.7 |
| Haemangioma | 0 (0) | 6 (0.7) | 1.000 | −11.9 |
| Others | 6 (7.0) | 38 (4.5) | 0.286 | 10.8 |
Values in parentheses are percentages unless indicated otherwise; *values are mean(s.d.). Missing values (acute kidney injury (AKI) and no AKI): †23 and 159, ‡13 and 74, §14 and 65. MELD, Model for End-Stage Liver Disease; CVP, central venous pressure; PHLF, posthepatectomy liver failure. ¶χ2 or Fisher’s exact test, except #Student’s t test.