Table 3.
Demographics and operative characteristics of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma with or without acute kidney injury
| AKI | No AKI | P ¶ | Standardized difference (%) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| (n = 58) | (n = 502) | |||
| Age (years)* | 63.1 (9.7) | 59.5 (9.9) | 0.009# | 36.8 |
| Sex (M : F) | 51 : 7 | 427 : 75 | 0.558 | 8.4 |
| BMI (kg/m2)* | 25.0 (4.2) | 23.8 (3.6) | 0.023# | 29.8 |
| ASA fitness grade | 0.738 | 21.1 | ||
| I | 3 (5.2) | 40 (8.0) | ||
| II | 45 (77.6) | 392 (78.1) | ||
| III | 10 (17.2) | 65 (12.9) | ||
| IV | 0 (0.0) | 5 (1.0) | ||
| Diabetes mellitus | 30 (51.7) | 150 (29.9) | 0.001 | 45.6 |
| Hypertension | 37 (63.8) | 191 (38.0) | < 0.001 | 53.3 |
| Chronic kidney injury | 12 (20.7) | 40 (8.0) | 0.002 | 36.9 |
| Alkaline phosphatase (IU/l)* | 110.2 (68.5) | 92.4 (61.0) | 0.039# | 27.3 |
| MELD score* | 8.6 (3.4) | 7.5 (1.8) | 0.024# | 38.8 |
| Cirrhosis | 32 (55.2) | 271 (54.0) | 0.863 | 2.4 |
| Aetiology of cirrhosis | ||||
| Hepatitis B | 25 (43.1) | 231 (46.0) | 0.673 | −5.8 |
| Hepatitis C | 5 (8.6) | 20 (4.0) | 0.166 | 19.0 |
| Alcoholic liver disease | 1 (1.7) | 7 (1.4) | 0.585 | 2.4 |
| Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease | 1 (1.7) | 10 (2.0) | 1.000 | −2.2 |
| Autoimmune hepatitis | 0 (0) | 1 (0.2) | 1.000 | −6.3 |
| Wilson’s disease | 0 (0) | 1 (0.2) | 1.000 | −6.3 |
| Cryptogenic cirrhosis | 0 (0) | 1 (0.2) | 1.000 | −6.3 |
| Child–Pugh grade | 0.418 | −11.1 | ||
| A | 55 (94.8) | 487 (97.0) | ||
| B | 3 (5.2) | 15 (3.0) | ||
| Surgical approach | ||||
| Open | 53 (91.4) | 415 (82.7) | ||
| Laparoscopic or robotic | 5 (8.6) | 87 (17.3) | 0.090 | 26.1 |
| Intraoperative CVP (mmHg)* | 5.6 (2.7) | 5.7 (2.7) | 0.916# | −1.5 |
| Mean intraoperative BP (mmHg)* | 77.7 (10.4) | 82.3 (10.4) | 0.001# | −44.4 |
| < 76.9 | 31 (53.4) | 153 (30.5) | < 0.001 | 47.9 |
| Intraoperative urine output (ml)*† | 336.9 (229.3) | 339.9 (256.5) | 0.941# | −1.2 |
| Intraoperative urine output (ml/min)*† | 1.24 (0.83) | 1.38 (1.05) | 0.371# | −14.8 |
| Phenylephrine use‡ | 34 (69.4) | 230 (50.1) | 0.010 | 40.1 |
| Dose of phenylephrine used (μg)*‡ | 1539 (2479) | 992 (1447) | 0.218# | 26.9 |
| Intraoperative adverse event§ | 14 (29.2) | 87 (18.8) | 0.086 | 24.5 |
| Pringle manoeuvre | 6 (10.3) | 85 (16.9) | 0.198 | −19.3 |
| Duration of operation (min)* | 276.9 (78.7) | 249.6 (84.3) | 0.019# | 33.5 |
| > 266 | 35 (60.3) | 175 (34.9) | < 0.001 | 52.8 |
| Blood loss (ml)* | 1072 (1604) | 486 (600) | 0.008# | 48.4 |
| > 378 | 45 (77.6) | 196 (39.0) | < 0.001 | 84.9 |
| Blood transfusion | 14 (24.1) | 45 (9.0) | < 0.001 | 41.7 |
Values in parentheses are percentages unless indicated otherwise; *values are mean(s.d.). Missing values (acute kidney injury (AKI) and no AKI): †15 and 96, ‡9 and 43, §10 and 39. MELD, Model for End-Stage Liver Disease; CVP, central venous pressure. ¶χ2 or Fisher’s exact test, except #Student’s t test.