Table 2.
Primary and secondary outcomes by groups at baseline and 12 weeks.
| Group | Baseline | 12 weeks | p | ηp2 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Primary outcome | |||||
| MVPA (min/day)* | Intervention Control |
8.28 ± 6.47 9.16 ± 7.01 |
22.75 ± 9.32 7.75 ± 6.83 |
<0.001 | 0.26 |
| Secondary outcome | |||||
| LPA (min/day) | Intervention Control |
183.11 ± 42.19 192.17 ± 48.79 |
203.28 ± 43.33 193.47 ± 39.11 |
0.16 | |
| SB (min/day) | Intervention Control |
688.02 ± 88.58 675.86 ± 65.38 |
658.92 ± 71.82 696.16 ± 114.55 |
0.16 | |
| Sleep duration (h/night) | Intervention Control |
7.99 ± 0.82 8.07 ± 0.74 |
8.07 ± 0.75 7.84 ± 1.41 |
0.30 | |
| Sleep efficiency (%)* | Intervention Control |
84.62 ± 7.12 86.69 ± 5.99 |
88.44 ± 4.83 85.88 ± 6.68 |
<0.001 | 0.25 |
| Muscle-strengthening PA (day/week)* | Intervention Control |
0.81 ± 0.86 0.94 ± 1.06 |
3.28 ± 1.33 0.81 ± 0.86 |
<0.001 | 0.56 |
| SDT-related intrinsic motivation | |||||
| Non-regulation* | Intervention Control |
0.42 ± 0.43 0.51 ± 0.53 |
0.18 ± 0.40 0.63 ± 0.55 |
<0.001 | 0.17 |
| External regulation | Intervention Control |
1.30 ± 0.95 1.18 ± 0.98 |
1.18 ± 0.82 1.35 ± 0.93 |
0.61 | |
| Introjected regulation | Intervention Control |
2.68 ± 0.94 2.50 ± 0.97 |
2.46 ± 1.00 2.58 ± 0.86 |
0.13 | |
| Identified regulation | Intervention Control |
2.96 ± 0.63 2.98 ± 0.61 |
3.18 ± 0.49 3.00 ± 0.61 |
0.06 | |
| Integrated regulation* | Intervention Control |
2.21 ± 0.92 2.32 ± 0.60 |
2.55 ± 0.96 2.19 ± 0.54 |
0.002 | 0.15 |
| Intrinsic regulation* | Intervention Control |
2.48 ± 0.96 2.38 ± 0.83 |
3.05 ± 0.88 2.09 ± 0.73 |
<0.001 | 0.37 |
| Perceived PA barriers* | Intervention Control |
2.33 ± 0.39 2.25 ± 0.40 |
1.58 ± 0.31 2.40 ± 0.29 |
<0.001 | 0.70 |
Notes: We applied the Bonferroni correction to account for possible bias from multiple comparisons. Significance level was set to p < 0.05, and the adjusted familywise error rate at the individual outcome level for 13 comparisons was p < 0.004. All categorical variable values are frequency or n. All continuous variable values are mean ± SD.
* p < 0.004, statistically significantly difference between groups in favor of the intervention group.
Abbreviations: BMI = body mass index; LPA = light physical activity; MVPA = moderate-to-vigorous physical activity; PA = physical activity; SB = sedentary behavior; SDT = self-determination theory.