Table 1.
Demographics and clinical diagnoses of study participants (N = 753).
| Number of complication during pregnancy | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| TOTAL (N = 753) | None (N = 331) | One (N = 343) | Two (N = 79) | ||
| N (%)/mean (SD) | p | ||||
| Sex of the baby | 0.202 | ||||
| Male | 392 (52.1%) | 162 (48.9%) | 191 (55.7%) | 39 (49.4%) | |
| Female | 360 (47.8%) | 168 (50.8%) | 152 (44.3%) | 40 (50.6%) | |
| Maternal age | 32.18 (4.51) | 32.34 (4.49) | 31.98 (4.54) | 32.58 (4.53) | 0.434 |
| Marital status | 0.904 | ||||
| Single/divorced | 58 (7.7%) | 25 (7.6%) | 26 (7.6%) | 7 (8.9%) | |
| Married | 676 (89.8%) | 300 (90.6%) | 307 (89.5%) | 69 (87.3%) | |
| Maternal education level | 0.262 | ||||
| Junior secondary school or below | 89 (11.8%) | 36 (10.9%) | 44 (12.8%) | 9 (11.4%) | |
| Senior secondary school | 236 (31.3%) | 97 (29.3%) | 110 (32.1%) | 29 (36.7%) | |
| Tertiary education or above | 425 (56.4%) | 198 (59.8%) | 187 (54.5%) | 40 (50.6%) | |
| Maternal employment status | 0.091 | ||||
| Full-time | 524 (69.6%) | 225 (68.0%) | 248 (72.3%) | 51 (64.6%) | |
| Self-employed | 48 (6.4%) | 17 (5.1%) | 27 (7.9%) | 4 (5.1%) | |
| Homemaker | 114 (15.1%) | 61 (18.4%) | 37 (10.8%) | 16 (20.3%) | |
| Students | 2 (0.3%) | 2 (0.6%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | |
| Unemployed | 62 (8.2%) | 26 (7.9%) | 29 (8.5%) | 7 (8.9%) | |
| Family monthly income (USD) | 4,803 (3,095) | 4936 (3175) | 4711 (3024) | 4690 (3070) | 0.618 |
| Maternal SF12v2 mental component score | 48.40 (8.70) | 48.84 (7.88) | 48.47 (9.03) | 46.41 (10.2) | 0.084 |
| Neonatal telomere length (T/S ratio) | 15.04 (6.25) | 15.31 (6.61) | 15.05 (6.2) | 13.53 (4.45) | 0.049 ∗ |
| Gestational age | 38.73 (1.44) | 38.67 (1.49) | 38.78 (1.43) | 38.75 (1.31) | 0.735 |
| Maternal history of risk behaviors | |||||
| Ever smoked | 88 (11.7%) | 38 (11.5%) | 40 (11.7%) | 10 (12.7%) | 0.947 |
| Ever consumed alcoholic drink | 226 (30.0%) | 89 (26.9%) | 108 (31.5%) | 29 (36.7%) | 0.144 |
| Ever engaged in drug abuse | 2 (0.3%) | 1 (0.3%) | 1 (0.3%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0.890 |
| Maternal health complication during pregnancy | |||||
| Maternal infection | 232 (30.8%) | — | — | — | |
| Group B streptococcus carrier | 160 (21.2%) | — | — | — | |
| Other types of infection (e.g. chorioamnionitis, vaginosis) | 96 (12.7%) | — | — | — | |
| Anaemia | 226 (30.0%) | — | — | — | |
| Hypertension | 45 (6.0%) | — | — | — | |
| Total number of complications during delivery | |||||
| Having one of the above diagnoses | 343 (45.6%) | — | — | — | |
| Having two of the above diagnoses | 79 (10.5%) | — | — | — | |
| Infection & anaemia | 59 (7.8%) | — | — | — | |
| Infection & hypertension | 11 (1.5%) | — | — | — | |
| Anaemia & hypertension | 9 (1.2%) | — | — | — | |
| Complication at delivery | |||||
| Unspecific complications | 381 (50.6%) | 58 (17.5%) | 248 (72.3%) | 75 (94.9%) | <0.001∗∗∗ |
| Low birthweight | 39 (5.2%) | 20 (6.0%) | 16 (4.7%) | 3 (3.8%) | 0.608 |
| Neonatal jaundice | 91 (12.1%) | 47 (14.2%) | 40 (11.7%) | 4 (5.1%) | 0.077 |
| Total number of complications at delivery | <0.001∗∗∗ | ||||
| Having one of the above diagnoses | 411 (54.6%) | 105 (31.7%) | 234 (68.2%) | 72 (91.1%) | |
| Having two of the above diagnoses | 50 (6.6%) | 10 (3.0%) | 35 (10.2%) | 5 (6.3%) | |
∗p < 0.05; ∗∗∗p < 0.001.