Table 3.
Differences in Metabolic Abnormalities Between Users (Yes) and Non-Users (No)
| Cigarettes | Waterpipe | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yes | No | P-value | Yes | No | P-value | |
| WC (cm) | 78.9(15.0) | 74.4(11.4) | 0.024* | 78.3(13.7) | 74.1(11.3) | 0.008* |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 22.8(6.3) | 21.9(5.0) | 0.15 | 22.8(5.5) | 21.8(5.0) | 0.055 |
| FBS (mg/dL) | 92.7(6.8) | 91.4(7.3) | 0.45 | 92.3(7.3) | 91.4(7.3) | 0.52 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 99.2(51.2) | 94.0(45.1) | 0.58 | 115.0(66.7) | 90.7(39.7) | 0.01* |
| HDL (mg/dL) | 43.4(9.8) | 49.4(12.4) | 0.015* | 45.0(12.5) | 49.5(12.1) | 0.009* |
| Cholesterol (mg/dL) | 145.9(26.8) | 148.0(27.9) | 0.69 | 148.1(29.5) | 147.8(27.4) | 0.93 |
| LDL (mg/dL) | 85.9(21.1) | 88.0(24.6) | 0.56 | 89.4(26.0) | 87.9(23.9) | 0.97 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 105.8(12.0) | 108.5(14.8) | 0.33 | 106.6(13.0) | 108.6(14.8) | 0.35 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 61.2(12.2) | 66.1(13.0) | 0.136 | 61.8(10.7) | 66.4(13.3) | 0.014* |
| Coffee | Black tea | |||||
| WC (cm) | 74.9(12.1) | 74.9(11.1) | 0.97 | 74.8(12.0) | 74.6(10.7) | 0.70 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 21.9(5.1) | 22.2(5.2) | 0.82 | 21.7(4.8) | 23.9(6.5) | 0.123 |
| FBS (mg/dL) | 91.3(7.2) | 92.2(7.3) | 0.37 | 91.7(7.4) | 90.1(6.3) | 0.32 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 94.0(42.5) | 95.9(53.6) | 0.87 | 93.0(47.2) | 91.7(31.3) | 0.63 |
| HDL (mg/dL) | 48.4(12.2) | 50.1(12.5) | 0.32 | 48.8(12.4) | 49.7(10.9) | 0.58 |
| Cholesterol (mg/dL) | 147.6(26.6) | 148.4(30.7) | 0.71 | 147.2(26.9) | 154.5(33.8) | 0.38 |
| LDL (mg/dL) | 88.3(23.0) | 87.7(27.4) | 0.55 | 87.5(23.2) | 93.7(31.2) | 0.36 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 107.9(14.0) | 109.1(16.0) | 0.54 | 107.9(14.3) | 110.0(15.7) | 0.41 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 65.6(12.4) | 65.6(14.8) | 0.92 | 65.2(12.7) | 68.0(15.2) | 0.24 |
| Energy drinks | Chocolate | |||||
| WC (cm)a | 77.1(13.2) | 72.8(10.1) | 0.03* | 74.4(11.8) | 81.4(116.6) | 0.008* |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 22.5(5.5) | 21.5(4.8) | 0.17 | 21.8(5.0) | 24.2(5.8) | 0.13 |
| FBS (mg/dL) | 93.0(7.0) | 90.2(7.3) | 0.003* | 91.6(7.4) | 91.1(6.4) | 0.98 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 99.1(48.6) | 90.5(42.7) | 0.26 | 94.6(46.6) | 94.7(33.8) | 0.59 |
| HDL (mg/dL) | 48.9(12.9) | 48.8(11.7) | 0.91 | 49.2(12.5) | 43.6(8.4) | 0.04* |
| Cholesterol (mg/dL) | 149.3(28.0) | 146.5(27.6) | 0.55 | 148.1(28.0) | 144.4(24.5) | 0.51 |
| LDL (mg/dL) | 89.4(24.5) | 87.1(24.0) | 0.27 | 87.9(24.5) | 90.6(21.4) | 0.79 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 108.3(14.3) | 108.1(14.8) | 0.95 | 108.2(14.4) | 108.5(17.6) | 0.54 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 65.1(13.9) | 66.0(12.1) | 0.53 | 65.8(12.9) | 63.0(14.6) | 0.92 |
Notes: Data shown in mean (SD); *Significant. Increased WC: ≥90th percentile, Increased FBS: ≥100 mg/dL; increased triglycerides: ≥150 mg/dL, Low HDL: <40 mg/dL, Increased SBP: ≥130 mmHg or DBP ≥85mmHg; Increased Cholesterol: ≥200 mg/dLl; Increased LDL: ≥200 mg/dL.
Abbreviations: WC, waist circumferences; BMI, body mass index; FBS, fasting blood sugar; HDL, high density lipoprotein; LDL, low density lipoprotein; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; kg, kilogram; m, meter; cm, centimetre; mmHg, millimetre mercury; mg, milligram; dL, deciliter.