Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics of 14,158 Participants in NHANES 2007–2018 According to Kidney Stone Status Before PSM
| Characteristic | Total | Kidney Stone | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| No | Yes | |||
| No. (%) | No. (%) | No. (%) | ||
| Total patients | 14,158 | 12,812 (90.5) | 1346 (9.5) | |
| Gender | <0.001 | |||
| Male | 6801 (48.0) | 6061 (47.3) | 740 (55.0) | |
| Female | 7357 (52.0) | 6751 (52.7) | 606 (45.0) | |
| Age | <0.001 | |||
| 20–39 years | 4608 (32.5) | 4357 (34.0) | 251 (18.6) | |
| 40–59 years | 4744 (33.5) | 4278 (33.4) | 466 (34.6) | |
| 60+ years | 4806 (33.9) | 4177 (32.6) | 629 (46.7) | |
| Race | <0.001 | |||
| Non-Hispanic white | 5833 (41.2) | 5113 (39.9) | 720 (53.5) | |
| Non-Hispanic black | 2847 (20.1) | 2685 (21.0) | 162 (12.0) | |
| Mexican American | 2165 (15.3) | 1986 (15.5) | 179 (13.3) | |
| Other Hispanic | 1562 (11.0) | 1407 (11.0) | 155 (11.5) | |
| Other | 1751 (12.4) | 1621 (12.7) | 130 (9.7) | |
| Education | 0.650 | |||
| Less than high school | 3516 (24.8) | 3171 (24.8) | 345 (25.6) | |
| High school or equivalent | 3192 (22.5) | 2887 (22.5) | 305 (22.7) | |
| College or above | 7440 (52.5) | 6744 (52.6) | 696 (51.7) | |
| Other | 10 (0.1) | 10 (0.1) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Marital status | <0.001 | |||
| Married | 7358 (52.0) | 6471 (51.3) | 787 (58.5) | |
| Unmarried/Other | 6800 (48.0) | 6241 (48.7) | 559 (41.5) | |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 29.10, 6.91 | 28.94, 6.87 | 30.63, 7.16 | <0.001 |
| Hypertension | <0.001 | |||
| Yes | 5148 (36.4) | 4485 (35.0) | 663 (49.3) | |
| No/Unknown | 9010 (63.6) | 8327 (65.0) | 683 (50.7) | |
| Diabetes | <0.001 | |||
| Yes | 1836 (13.0) | 1535 (12.0) | 301 (22.4) | |
| Prediabetes | 11,974 (84.6) | 10,977 (85.7) | 997 (74.1) | |
| No/Unknown | 348 (2.5) | 300 (2.3) | 48 (3.6) | |
| Vigorous recreational activities | <0.001 | |||
| Yes | 3030 (15.0) | 2828 (22.1) | 202 (15.0) | |
| No | 11,128 (78.6) | 9984 (77.9) | 1144 (85.0) | |
| Moderate recreational activities | <0.001 | |||
| Yes | 5654 (39.9) | 5163 (40.3) | 491 (36.5) | |
| No | 8504 (60.1) | 7649 (59.7) | 855 (63.5) | |
| HOMA-IR | 4.02, 6.79 | 3.92, 6.76 | 4.90, 6.98 | <0.001 |
| Blood urea nitrogen | 13.64, 5.87 | 13.52, 5.82 | 14.85, 6.19 | <0.001 |
| Creatinine | 0.88, 0.38 | 0.88, 0.39 | 0.91, 0.32 | 0.004 |
| Uric acid | 5.49, 1.44 | 5.47, 1.43 | 5.64, 1.47 | <0.001 |
| Fasting glucose | 102.93, 34.07 | 102.17, 33.42 | 110.16, 38.96 | <0.001 |
| TC | 190.89, 40.60 | 191.14, 40.70 | 188.46, 39.56 | 0.021 |
| TG | 116.29, 65.46 | 115.09, 65.06 | 127.65, 68.14 | <0.001 |
| HDL-C | 54.26, 15.95 | 54.59, 16.03 | 51.12, 14.72 | <0.001 |
| LDL-C | 113.37, 35.49 | 113.53, 35.59 | 111.81, 34.41 | 0.090 |
| TyG | 8.52, 0.64 | 8.50, 0.64 | 8.68, 0.64 | <0.001 |
| Urine creatinine | 125.76, 77.00 | 125.43, 77.33 | 128.88, 73.75 | 0.118 |
Notes: For categorical variables, P values were analyzed by chi-square tests; For continuous variables, the t-test for slope was used in generalized linear models; All the continuous variables were recorded by mean ± standard deviation (SD).
Abbreviations: PSM, propensity score matching; BMI, body mass index; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment for IR; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglycerides; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; TyG, triglyceride–glucose.