Table 2.

Mean maximum forces before failure (N) and bending moment in all abutment groups

Type of abutment	Mean maximum forces before failure (N) ± SD	Bending moment (Ncm) ± SD	Post hoc Tukey’s HSD test of multiple comparison of mean removal torque (P-value)
			Straight titanium abutment	Hybrid zirconia abutment
Straight titanium abutment	1326.68 ± 74.83	2009.92 ± 113.37
Hybrid zirconia abutment	1234.34 ± 38.81	1870.03 ± 58.80	0.164
Customized titanium abutment	1262.29 ± 78.45	1912.37 ± 118.85	0.386	0.862