Fig. 5.

Schematic for the upregulation of cell motility and expression of myogenic markers by SV peptide based on our previous reports [37,[41], [42], [43], [44]].

Synthetic SVVYGLR binds to the TGF-β receptor, which results in the phosphorylation of Smad2 and Smad3. The phosphorylated Smad2/3 translocates to the nucleus to regulate gene expression and upregulates migratory activities in mucosal keratinocytes, gingival fibroblasts, satellite cells, and myoblasts accompanied by the increased expression of myogenic markers such as MyoD, myogenin, and MHC. As a result, SV peptide accelerates mucosal wound healing or skeletal muscle regeneration upon injury.